Predictor variable

Posted on April 12, 2022 | by Dan

Define the following:

Predictor variable
Outcome variable
Dichotomous variable
Continuous variable

PART 2: (50 points)
Sample size calculations:
The research question is whether there is a difference in the efficacy of Study drug A and Study drug B (which is the standard of care) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The investigator has planned a quadruple blind randomized clinical trial to study whether the study drug A is effective in reducing glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as compared to study drug B (standard of care ) in participants with Type 2 Diabetes after 12 weeks.
A previous study has reported the mean HbA1C level in subjects treated for diabetes is 8 % (% here is a unit of measure) with a standard deviation of 2% (% here is a unit of measure). The investigator would like to be able to detect a difference of 20% or more in the mean HbA1C levels between the two groups
Please note: HbA1c is measured and expressed in percentage as units and not as a percentage of proportions.
Use a two-sided ⍺ = 0.05
And power 0.80.
Calculate the sample size (Answer points 1 – 6)
Hint: Use appropriate table (6A, 6B or 6C depending on the test you select) from the textbook.
Now, considering a 10% dropout rate what would be the increased sample size. (Answer point 7)

State in details:

The null hypothesis (5 points)
The alternative hypothesis (5 points)
Type of test to be used and justification for its use (10 points)
The information provided (5 points)
Steps for calculating the sample size (10 points)
Final answer (5 points)
Calculations for sample size considering the dropout rate (10 points)

Sample Solution

ver, we can also argue that the war can never be the last resort, given there is always a way to try to avoid it, like sanctions or appeasement, showing Vittola’s theory is flawed. Fourthly, Vittola questions upon whose authority can demand a declaration of war, where he implies any commonwealth can go to war, but more importantly, “the prince” where he has “the natural order” according to Augustine, and all authority is given to him. This is further supported by Aristotle’s Politics ((1996), Page 28): ‘a king is the natural superior of his subjects.’ However, he does later emphasise to put all faith in the prince is wrong and has consequences; a thorough examination of the cause of war is required along with the willingness to negotiate rival party (Begby et al (2006b), Page 312& 318). This is supported by the actions of Hitler are deemed unjustly. Also, in today’s world, wars are no longer fought only by states but also non-state actors like Al-Queda and ISIS, showing Vittola’s normative claim on authority is outdated. This is further supported by Frowe’s claim that the leader needs to represent the people’s interests, under legitimate authority, which links on to the fourth condition: Public declaration of war. Agreed with many, there must be an official announcement on a declaration of war (Frowe (2011), Page 59-60&63). Finally, the most controversial condition is that wars should have a reasonable chance of success. As Vittola reiterated, the aim of war is to establish peace and security; securing the public good. If this can’t be achieved, Frowe argues it would be better to surrender to the enemy. This can be justified because the costs of war would have been bigger (Frowe (2011), Page 56-7). Consequently, jus ad bellum comprises several conditions but most importantly: just cause and proportionality. This gives people a guide whether it’s lawful to enter a war or not. However, this is only one part of the theory of the just war. Nevertheless, it can be seen above that jus ad bellum can be debated throughout, showing that there is no definitive theory of a just war, as it is normatively theorised. Jus in bello The second section begins deciphering jus in bello or what actions can we classify as permissible in just wars (Begby et al (2006b), Page 323). First, it is never just to intentionally kill innocent people in wars, supported by Vittola’s first proposition. This is widely accepted as ‘all people have a right not to be killed’ and if a soldier does, they have violated that right and lost their right. This is further supported by “non-combatant immunity” (Frowe (2011), Page 151), which leads to the question of combatant qualification mentioned later in the essay. This is corroborated by the bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima, ending the Second World War, where millions were intently killed, just to secure the aim of war. However, sometimes civilians are acci

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