Leader Analysis
Pick a current CEO/Leader/Business Official/Government Official and identify what leadership style and power base the leader possesses. Review current articles (newspapers, internet, books, etc.) from reliable, trustworthy sources to support your choices.
1. Describe his or her leadership style (charismatic, servant, transactional, transformational, etc.)
a. Give examples and analyze how the leadership style is working/not working for this leader
2. Describe his or her power base (legitimate, reward, coercive, expert, referent, etc.)
a. Give examples and analyze how the base of power is working/not working for this leader
3. Demonstrate the use of theory and concepts.
Sample Solution
In the examination of worldwide governmental issues, the procedure of personality development and how national interests are imagined ought to speak to focal issues, as they are inseparably connected to a state’s outside arrangement. The significance of personalities comes about because of the way that they perform two crucial capacities: communicating to the self and other people who the self is, and also communicating to the self others’ identity. Because of the main capacity, having a specific character decides a related arrangement of inclinations with respect to the decisions of activity in different conditions and when diverse performing artists are included. That is the reason a state’s character creates its interests and consequent conduct towards kindred individuals and circumstances identified with the universal framework. The second capacity suggests that a state sees others as per the personalities it credits to them, while at the same time imitating its own particular character through social collaboration and practice (Tajfel, 1981:255). These ideas have been conceptualized and underscored in IR hypothesis by constructivist researchers, who contend that worldwide governmental issues begins in the global framework as well as in a universal society. Constructivists stretch the constitutive impacts of thoughts and standards that set the parameters inside which characters and interests are defined (Brown and Ainley, 2003:49). When contemplating between state relations, it has turned out to be fundamental to break down how thoughts are made, how they advance and impact states’ recognitions and reaction to their circumstance. With a specific end goal to accomplish such a target, constructivism assumes a key part by advancing the principle that ‘the way in which the material world shapes and is molded by human activity and association relies upon dynamic standardizing and epistemic understandings of the material world’ (Adler, 1997:322). From this viewpoint, constructivist systems demonstrate that even the most continuing establishments depend on aggregate understandings. Their imperative commitment to the investigation of IR lies predominantly in stressing the ontological reality of intersubjective information, alongside its epistemological and methodological ramifications. That is the reason constructivism contends global relations comprise fundamentally of social actualities, which have gained such a status because of human understanding. They speak to reified structures that were imagined ex nihilo by human awareness, along these lines being diffused and combined until the point that they were underestimated (Adler, 1997:322-323). Constructivist researchers additionally trust that performing artists join implications to and subjectively outline the material world and in addition their encounters. So aggregate understandings or ‘the appropriation of information’ offer the reasons why certain components are as they seem to be, and in addition the signs in the matter of how performing artists ought to send their material capacities (Wendt, 1992:397). One may reason from the past explanation that the setting of aggregate implications structures the inclinations and conduct of political performing artists, which would propose that constructivism highlights deterministic propensities. Despite what might be expected, its hypothetical premises have a considerably more nuanced nature and the constructivist position inside the organization structure face off regarding declares that the two components are commonly constitutive. Constructivism contends that important lead is conceivable just inside an intersubjective social setting, since operators create relations with and understandings of others by means of thoughts, standards and practices. In their nonattendance, activities like the activity of energy would be without significance since thoughts and standards effectsly affect personality, indicating the highlights that will empower others to perceive that character and react to it as needs be (Jepperson, Wendt and Katzenstein, 1996:54). In this procedure, operators apply their impact by intentionally propagating and duplicating the social setting through their delayed activities and practices. A noteworthy point to recollect is that structure winds up trivial without some intersubjective arrangement of thoughts and standards, so neither turmoil nor the circulation of capacities alone can ‘mingle’ states to a specific lead (Dessler, 1989:459-460). Up to this point the discourse of constructivism has said a few times the thoughts of ‘constitutive impacts’ or being ‘commonly constitutive’, yet without portraying all the more intricately what they involve. The connection of constitution must be separated from that of causality, as constitutive hypotheses enquire about the conditions which instantiate a wonder, rendering it conceivable. In this regard, Robert Cummins utilizes the idea of ‘property hypotheses’ since they have an alternate goal from causal clarifications: to represent the properties of things by reference to the structures in temperance of which they exist (Cummins, 1983). Another key part of constitutive estimating alludes to the way that the ‘counterfactual claim of need… is theoretical or intelligent, not causal or characteristic’ (Wendt, 1998:106). For example, the conditions constituting a marvel characterize what the last is, which passes on a relationship of personality not causal assurance. These two segments are inseparably connected, so when the conditions appear, the marvel appears with them. By differentiate, causal clarifications lay on two distinct presumptions: the variables causing an occasion exist autonomously from their result and are additionally transiently preceding it. On the off chance that one applies these hypothetical presumptions to the setting of thoughts, a few ramifications turn out to be promptly obvious. The huge part that thoughts play in worldwide relations is completely recognized just when we perceive their constitutive impacts (Wendt, 1999:87). The relationship of constitution gets from the way that thoughts make political results by forming their properties, implications, observations or translations. These are thusly reliant on their ideational source, they exist just in uprightness of those thoughts – ‘fear based oppression’ can’t be considered separated from a national security talk that characterizes it. The national security talk is thusly inseparably connected to developing a thought of ‘fear based oppression’, since without it the idea would be inane. While breaking down outside approach, prevailing schools of thought in IR hypothesis as a rule disregard thoughts and personality or view them as interceding factors, best case scenario, representing results which outperform the illustrative capacities of conventional realist factors like power and interests. The approach being referred to is risky as it doesn’t include completely the ideational effect – thoughts in reality make realist causes. All that really matters of what turns out to be most challenged in the realist romantic civil argument is ‘the relative commitment of savage material powers to power and intrigue clarifications’ instead of thoughts (Wendt, 1999:94). Now it may be valuable to consider quickly the conventional perspective of realism which starts in Marxism. The established Marxist division depicts the material base as the method of creation, while culture, belief system and other ideational elements have a place with a non-material superstructure. Wendt trusts similar standards can be stretched out and connected to authenticity; all things considered, ‘methods of obliteration are as fundamental as methods of generation’ (Wendt, 1999:94). The two examples contain a critical issue, specifically that ideational elements turn out to be totally isolated from monetary and military contemplations. Here D.V. Porpora noticed a theoretical logical inconsistency, considering the way that Marxism characterizes the methods of creation by means of powers, as well as by means of relations of generation. Relations speak to ideational wonders exemplified by organizations that at last allude to shared standards (Porpora, 1993:214). The undeniable ramifications focuses to the way that the material base of Marxism is really injected with thoughts and standards, which likewise uncovers their constitutive part concerning realism for the most part To additionally strengthen such a contention, it is important to challenge the traditional realist perspective of interests by recognizing their tendency – interests are really comprehensions or thoughts. This point of view has been advanced by two particular fields of information and their related researchers: social humanities and rationality. Drawing on psychological brain research, the anthropologist R.G. D’Andrade (1992:28) sees interests, wants or inspirations as ‘blueprints’ (outlines, portrayals, thoughts), which reflect learning structures that ‘make conceivable the distinguishing proof of items and occasions’. A huge viewpoint to recall is that compositions are not given by human instinct. D’Andrade (1992:31) concedes that a few premiums can be established in organic drives which implies their material nature, yet science neglects to clarify a large portion of the objectives individuals appear to be equipped for seeking after – and these are learned through socialization. In this sense, the anthropologist offers the case of an enthusiasm for ‘accomplishment’: it suggests a social standard about what considers a genuine yearning and the people craving to accomplish have disguised that standard as a psychological blueprint (D’Andrade, 1992:35). A fundamentally the same as feeling has been progressed by R.B.K. Howe who attracts on rationality to express an intellectual hypothesis of intrigue or want. He too recognizes that organic instruments impact interests, yet even extremely crude wants are for the most part directionless and rely upon convictions or thoughts regarding what is alluring to render them significant (Howe, 1994). That is the reason thoughts assume a key part in characterizing and coordinating material needs; one sees an objective as important, which thus decides one’s enthusiasm for achieving it. These discernments are found out at times by associating with nature which reverberates with realist factors, however for the most part they are found out through socialization to culture – a naturally dreamer wonder (Howe, 1994). Therefore, having achieved comparable conclusions s>