Full Answer Section

• Myths or Narratives Constructed: The portrait constructs the myth of Augustus as the divinely appointed savior and unparalleled leader of Rome. It portrays him as a powerful military commander who brings peace through strength, a wise statesman who restores order, and a benevolent ruler blessed by the gods. The narrative is one of a new golden age ushered in by his leadership, an era of stability after decades of civil war.
• Intended Effect on the Viewer: The primary intended effect was to inspire awe, loyalty, and unwavering confidence in Augustus’s rule. For a Roman citizen, it would have reinforced his legitimacy and authority, fostering a sense of pride in the empire’s stability under his guidance. The divine allusions would have instilled reverence, while the military triumph would have communicated security.

2. Bust of Nefertiti (Ancient Egyptian, c. 1345 BCE)

• Symbols and Visual Choices: The Bust of Nefertiti, carved by Thutmose, is iconic for its striking beauty and elegance. Her elongated neck and symmetrical features embody an idealized form, reflective of divine perfection. The blue crown, possibly indicating her role as queen and potentially a divine consort, accentuates her regal status. Her serene, composed expression conveys wisdom and an almost otherworldly calm. The precise, refined craftsmanship of the piece itself speaks to the wealth and sophistication of the Amarna period.
• Myths or Narratives Constructed: Nefertiti is presented as a queen of unparalleled beauty, grace, and divine connection. She is not merely a consort but a powerful co-regent alongside Akhenaten, participating in the radical religious reforms of the time. The portrait suggests a harmonious and divinely favored royal couple, bringing prosperity and spiritual enlightenment to Egypt. Her idealized features construct a narrative of timeless beauty and enduring power.
• Intended Effect on the Viewer: The bust was likely intended to glorify Nefertiti and, by extension, the royal family and their religious reforms. For the Egyptian populace, it would have conveyed the divinity and perfection of their rulers, inspiring reverence and obedience. The serene beauty would have suggested stability and beneficence, reinforcing the divine order that the pharaoh and queen represented.

3. David (Michelangelo, Italian Renaissance, 1501-1504)

• Symbols and Visual Choices: While not a portrait of a contemporary political leader, Michelangelo’s David was commissioned by the Florentine Republic and became a potent political symbol. David’s colossal scale (over 17 feet tall) immediately conveys overwhelming strength and heroism. His athletic, idealized physique, a hallmark of Renaissance humanism, represents peak human potential. The intense, focused gaze, furrowed brow, and bulging veins in his right hand (holding the stone) show concentration, determination, and raw power. He is depicted before the battle, contemplating the challenge, which emphasizes courage, strategic thinking, and readiness.
• Myths or Narratives Constructed: The statue explicitly constructs the myth of Florence as a brave, independent republic, willing to stand up to giants (like the powerful Medici family or neighboring states). David, a seemingly underdog figure who triumphs through faith and courage, became the ultimate symbol for the city-state’s republican ideals. The narrative is one of divine favor bestowed upon the righteous and the triumph of liberty over tyranny.
• Intended Effect on the Viewer: Positioned originally outside the Palazzo Vecchio, the seat of Florentine government, David was a powerful warning and inspiration. It was intended to instill civic pride, courage, and a defiant spirit in the Florentine citizens. It reminded them of their collective strength and their ability to overcome powerful adversaries, reinforcing their republican identity and commitment to self-governance.

In conclusion, these three portraits, spanning millennia and diverse cultures, powerfully illustrate the enduring strategies of political portraiture. Through deliberate idealization, symbolic gestures, and narrative cues, leaders aim to transcend their mortal forms, constructing myths of divine right, unwavering strength, or unwavering virtue, all designed to inspire specific emotional and political responses from their audiences.