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• Differentiate between caloric and nutritional needs.
• Explain the link between malnutrition and disease and disorders.
• Identify the benefits of physical exercise to body and mental function.
• Explain why a life course perspective is vital in the study of stress.
• Discuss the challenges that impact the study of coping skills.
Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person's intake of energy and/or nutrients. This category includes undernutrition (wasting, stunting, underweight) and overnutrition (overweight and obesity).
Undernutrition: Leads to immune system failure. Deficiency in micronutrients like Vitamin C (causing Scurvy), Iron (leading to anemia and fatigue), or Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) directly impairs immune function, organ development, and physical growth. This makes individuals, especially children, highly susceptible to infectious diseases (like pneumonia or diarrhea) and impairs cognitive development.
Overnutrition (Obesity): The excess intake of energy, saturated fats, and sugars leads to chronic low-grade inflammation. This systemic inflammation is a direct precursor or contributor to a host of chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), including:
Type 2 Diabetes: Due to insulin resistance.
Cardiovascular Disease: Due to hypertension and dyslipidemia.
Certain Cancers.
Caloric needs refer to the total amount of energy (measured in calories or kilocalories) required to fuel the body's metabolic processes, physical activity, and maintain body temperature. It is the quantitative energy requirement necessary to balance energy expenditure and maintain weight.
Nutritional needs refer to the requirement for specific essential substances (nutrients) that the body cannot synthesize on its own or synthesizes in insufficient quantities. These are qualitative requirements necessary for growth, repair, and proper physiological function.