Common perceptual, neurological, or cognitive issue and discuss contributing factors
Identify a common perceptual, neurological, or cognitive issue and discuss contributing factors. Outline steps for prevention or health promotion for the patient and family. Identify public health departments or local resources in your area that the patient or family could reach out to for support.
Sample Answer
Identified Issue: Dementia (with a focus on Alzheimer’s Disease)
Description: Dementia is not a single disease but an umbrella term for a group of symptoms affecting memory, thinking, and social abilities severely enough to interfere with daily functioning. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause. It involves progressive neurological degeneration, leading to cognitive decline (memory loss, impaired reasoning, language difficulties), perceptual problems (misinterpreting surroundings, hallucinations in later stages), and changes in behavior and personality.
Contributing Factors:
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Neurological:
- Amyloid Plaques and Tau Tangles: Characteristic brain changes in Alzheimer’s, where abnormal protein deposits disrupt cell function and communication.
- Brain Atrophy: Shrinkage of brain tissue, particularly in areas crucial for memory (hippocampus).
- Reduced Neurotransmitter Levels: Decreased levels of acetylcholine and other chemicals vital for nerve cell communication.
- Vascular Issues: Conditions like stroke (Vascular Dementia) or reduced blood flow can cause dementia or contribute to mixed dementia.
- Genetic Predisposition: Mutations in specific genes (e.g., APP, PSEN1, PSEN2) cause early-onset familial Alzheimer’s. The APOE ε4 allele is a major risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s.