Complete the 2 parts:

Complete the 2 parts: The first part related to the data presented in" rel="nofollow">in the article. You should read the article first, and then answer all the questions in" rel="nofollow">in MS Word document. The second part: are different questions and not related to the article. Part 1 Exercise 4.1 Phylogenetic Insights from Fossils: A New Whale Fossil Sheds Light on a Major Division in" rel="nofollow">in the Modern Whales (This exercise is based on Fitzgerald, E. M. G. 2006. A bizarre new toothed mysticete (Cetacea) from Australia and the early evolution of baleen whales. Proc. R. Soc. B. 273: 2955–2963.) (Note: The reference above lin" rel="nofollow">inks directly to the article on the journal’s website. In order to access the full text of the article, you may need to be on your in" rel="nofollow">institution’s network [or logged in" rel="nofollow">in remotely], so that you can use your in" rel="nofollow">institution’s access privileges.) INTRODUCTION In Chapter 4 we learned about the early evolution of the order Cetacea (whales and their relatives) and we saw how fossil evidence shed light on the transition of this group from animals that were semi-aquatic, perhaps livin" rel="nofollow">ing like hippopotamuses, to animals that were completely aquatic and lacked the ability to live on land. This exercise will demonstrate how fossil evidence can also be used to make further in" rel="nofollow">inferences about the ecology and evolution of Cetacea by lookin" rel="nofollow">ing at a fin" rel="nofollow">iner division within" rel="nofollow">in that group—the division between the toothed and the filter-feedin" rel="nofollow">ing whales. The order Cetacea is the sister taxon to the Artiodactyla (the even-toed ungulates), which is composed of land-dwellin" rel="nofollow">ing animals such as pigs, deer, and hippopotamuses. Cetacea in" rel="nofollow">includes whales, dolphin" rel="nofollow">ins, and porpoises, all of which are superbly adapted for life in" rel="nofollow">in the water. Within" rel="nofollow">in Cetacea there are two clades: toothed whales, dolphin" rel="nofollow">ins, and porpoises are in" rel="nofollow">in the suborder Odontoceti, while baleen whales are in" rel="nofollow">in the suborder Mysticeti. This exercise is based on a recent paper that discusses evolutionary relationships within" rel="nofollow">in Mysticeti and provides in" rel="nofollow">insights in" rel="nofollow">into those relationships based on a new fossil discovered in" rel="nofollow">in Australia. Odontocetes are active hunters that use echolocation to fin" rel="nofollow">ind their prey. In contrast, mysticetes do not actively hunt or use echolocation. Livin" rel="nofollow">ing mysticetes are large whales that strain" rel="nofollow">in small organisms from the water through hairlike plates of baleen that hang down from their upper jaws. The evolutionary origin" rel="nofollow">ins of this filter-feedin" rel="nofollow">ing ecology are somewhat obscure. This paper describes an unusual new whale species based on a remarkably well-preserved fossil of its skull. This new species represents a so-called “missin" rel="nofollow">ing lin" rel="nofollow">ink” between the odontocete and the mysticete whales. QUESTIONS Figure 1  The phylogenetic tree of the Mysticeti. Question 1 Refer to Figure 1 above. What morphological traits does the new fossil, Janjucetushunderi, share with the extant odontocetes? Question 2 List three synapomorphies shared by the extant filter-feedin" rel="nofollow">ing whales. Question 3 Janjucetushunderi was a small, toothed whale that was thought to actively hunt prey rather than filter feed. Why is it considered to be a basal mysticete rather than an odontocete? Question 4 Discuss some of the aspects of whale feedin" rel="nofollow">ing ecology that are revealed in" rel="nofollow">in their skull morphology. For in" rel="nofollow">instance, what features of the skull are associated with macrophagy (feedin" rel="nofollow">ing on large prey)? What features of the skull reflect adaptations for filter feedin" rel="nofollow">ing? Question 5 Thin" rel="nofollow">inkin" rel="nofollow">ing from an evolutionary perspective, provide a hypothesis that could explain" rel="nofollow">in why there are no toothed mysticetes alive today? Question 6 Describe a hypothetical fossil of a whale skull that would in" rel="nofollow">increase our knowledge of cetacean evolution if it were to be discovered. List the pertin" rel="nofollow">inent features of this imagin" rel="nofollow">inary fossil and suggest what questions about the evolutionary history of whales could be answered by studyin" rel="nofollow">ing it. Figure 2  The close resemblance between the teeth of Janjucetushunderi (a–d) and those of the currently livin" rel="nofollow">ing crab-eatin" rel="nofollow">ing seal, Lobodoncarcin" rel="nofollow">inophagus (bottom image). (Seal image courtesy of Dr. Alistair Evans, Monash University, Australia.) Question 7 Refer to Figure 2 above showin" rel="nofollow">ing the teeth of the fossil whale Janjucetushunderi. As you can see, the teeth are very complex and closely resemble the teeth of a seal livin" rel="nofollow">ing in" rel="nofollow">in Antarctica today. This seal, Lobodoncarcin" rel="nofollow">inophagus, is called a crab-eatin" rel="nofollow">ing seal, but its main" rel="nofollow">in diet consists of krill, which it filters out of the water through its complexly cusped teeth. Krill are also a major component of the diet of modern Mysticeti. Why do the authors discount this similarity in" rel="nofollow">in tooth structure as evidence that Janjucetushunderi was a filter feeder? Part 2: 1. brifly explain" rel="nofollow">in the orographic effect and how that impacts climate in" rel="nofollow">in Colorado? 2. Draw soil profiles for the followin" rel="nofollow">ing elevations: 4800 ft, 7000ft and 10,500 ft. be sure to label the horizons and make them relative sizes to each other. (i.e, most weathered should have deepest horizons). For each provide the soil formin" rel="nofollow">ing process and the expected biome domin" rel="nofollow">inatin" rel="nofollow">ing.