Scholars continue to debate why powerful, centralized hierarchical states like Ancient Egypt, Nubia,
Aksum, Carthage or Garamantes (Garama) emerged. Scholars’ views have been further challenged by the case of Jenne-jeno that lacked the conventional political ‘glue’ of a vertical hierarchy holding this dynamic urban trading center together. For this essay you are asked to take a side in this big debate. What feature (trade, religion, environment, agriculture, etc) do you feel was the most important in explaining the emergence and endurance of these ancient civilizations? Your answer should discuss at least THREE civilizations we have studied
(Ancient Egypt, Nubia, Aksum, Carthage, Garamantes, or Jenne-jeno) and must include consideration of
Jenne-jeno in your argument (either as further proof of your theory or an exception to the rule). There are
many
“correct” answers to this question. What is especially important for a good grade with this prompt is a
clear,
convincing argument that you sustain throughout the essay. Your essay must frequently cite our class
readings and be well-written and proof-read
Sample Solution