Hand Washing To Reduce Hospital-Acquired Infections Course Project: Part 2—Literature Review

Hand Washin" rel="nofollow">ing To Reduce Hospital-Acquired Infections Course Project: Part 2—Literature Review Order Description Course Project: Part 2—Literature Review This is a contin" rel="nofollow">inuation of the Course Project presented in" rel="nofollow">in Week 2. Before you begin" rel="nofollow">in, review the Course Project Overview document located in" rel="nofollow">in the Week 2 Resources area. The literature review is a critical piece in" rel="nofollow">in the research process because it helps a researcher determin" rel="nofollow">ine what is currently known about a topic and identify gaps or further questions. Conductin" rel="nofollow">ing a thorough literature review can be a time-consumin" rel="nofollow">ing process, but the effort helps establish the foundation for everythin" rel="nofollow">ing that will follow. For this part of your Course Project, you will conduct a brief literature review to fin" rel="nofollow">ind in" rel="nofollow">information on the question you developed in" rel="nofollow">in Week 2. This will provide you with experience in" rel="nofollow">in searchin" rel="nofollow">ing databases and identifyin" rel="nofollow">ing applicable resources. To prepare: •Review the in" rel="nofollow">information in" rel="nofollow">in Chapter 5 of the course text, focusin" rel="nofollow">ing on the steps for conductin" rel="nofollow">ing a literature review and for compilin" rel="nofollow">ing your fin" rel="nofollow">indin" rel="nofollow">ings. •Usin" rel="nofollow">ing the question you selected in" rel="nofollow">in your Week 2 Project (Part 1 of the Course Project), locate 5 or more full-text research articles that are relevant to your PICOT question. Include at least 1 systematic review and 1 in" rel="nofollow">integrative review if possible. Use the search tools and techniques mentioned in" rel="nofollow">in your readin" rel="nofollow">ings this week to enhance the comprehensiveness and objectivity of your review. You may gather these articles from any appropriate source, but make sure at least 3 of these articles are available as full-text versions through Walden Library’s databases. •Read through the articles carefully. Elimin" rel="nofollow">inate studies that are not appropriate and add others to your list as needed. Although you may in" rel="nofollow">include more, you are expected to in" rel="nofollow">include a min" rel="nofollow">inimum of five articles. Complete a literature review summary table usin" rel="nofollow">ing the Literature Review Summary Table Template located in" rel="nofollow">in this week’s Learnin" rel="nofollow">ing Resources. •Prepare to summarize and synthesize the literature usin" rel="nofollow">ing the in" rel="nofollow">information on writin" rel="nofollow">ing a literature review found in" rel="nofollow">in Chapter 5 of the course text. To complete: Write a 3- to 4-page literature review that in" rel="nofollow">includes the followin" rel="nofollow">ing: •A synthesis of what the studies reveal about the current state of knowledge on the question that you developed •Poin" rel="nofollow">int out in" rel="nofollow">inconsistencies and contradictions in" rel="nofollow">in the literature and offer possible explanations for in" rel="nofollow">inconsistencies. •Prelimin" rel="nofollow">inary conclusions on whether the evidence provides strong support for a change in" rel="nofollow">in practice or whether further research is needed to adequately address your in" rel="nofollow">inquiry •Your literature review summary table with all references formatted in" rel="nofollow">in correct APA style Note: Certain" rel="nofollow">in aspects of conductin" rel="nofollow">ing a standard review of literature have not yet been covered in" rel="nofollow">in this course. Therefore, while you are in" rel="nofollow">invited to critically examin" rel="nofollow">ine any aspect of the studies (e.g., a study’s design, appropriateness of the theoretic framework, data samplin" rel="nofollow">ing methods), your conclusion should be considered prelimin" rel="nofollow">inary. Bear in" rel="nofollow">in min" rel="nofollow">ind that five studies are typically not enough to reflect the full range of knowledge on a particular question and you are not expected to be familiar enough with research methodology to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of all aspects of the studies. this is the frist project use this project for the second project As in" rel="nofollow">in the olden days, hand washin" rel="nofollow">ing has been regarded as a guarantee again" rel="nofollow">inst nosocomial or hospital-based in" rel="nofollow">infections in" rel="nofollow">in the present day. Health care providers are deemed as more prone to carryin" rel="nofollow">ing microorganisms such as fungi and viruses. Therefore, there is an in" rel="nofollow">increase of patient to patient in" rel="nofollow">infections where hand hygiene is disregarded. For in" rel="nofollow">instance, vancomycin" rel="nofollow">in-resistant enterococci tends to remain" rel="nofollow">in on hands, especially at the fin" rel="nofollow">ingertips for nearly 60 min" rel="nofollow">inutes. However, hand hygiene hardly stops the spread of such in" rel="nofollow">infections though it reduces their prevalence. Therefore, the health care providers ought to comply for min" rel="nofollow">inimization of the in" rel="nofollow">infections. Research shows that compliance with the hand hygiene hardly exceeds 50% (Picheansathian, 2004). Low compliance to hand washin" rel="nofollow">ing in" rel="nofollow">in healthcare workers is caused by in" rel="nofollow">inadequate time for hand washin" rel="nofollow">ing and provocation of the skin" rel="nofollow">in irritation after hand washin" rel="nofollow">ing. Other factors are such as lack of knowledge, lack of train" rel="nofollow">inin" rel="nofollow">ing and qualifications and poor orientation and practice time. Hand washin" rel="nofollow">ing in" rel="nofollow">in hospitals is crucial in" rel="nofollow">in improvin" rel="nofollow">ing sanitation and preventin" rel="nofollow">ing in" rel="nofollow">infections. A recent research shows that hospital acquired in" rel="nofollow">infections impact 1 to 11 in" rel="nofollow">inpatients, causin" rel="nofollow">ing 13% mortality rate and a lengthened stay back of 2.5. This causes an extra cost of £ 1 billion to the National Health Services (Uwaezuoke & Obu, 2013). However, 15%– 30% of HAIs are regarded as preventable. Health workers have been known to be poor in" rel="nofollow">in hand hygiene compliance. Accordin" rel="nofollow">ing to…. usage of alcohol hand scrub greatly reduces such in" rel="nofollow">infections to patients by 70%. However, soap and water are also applicable and effective. The Healthcare Associated Infections have become a big health problem that elevates the rate of morbidity and mortality. Besides hand washin" rel="nofollow">ing, health care workers should wear gloves when servin" rel="nofollow">ing the different patients. However, usage of gloves cannot replace hand washin" rel="nofollow">ing due to the glove cross- contamin" rel="nofollow">ination after use. An evidence-based train" rel="nofollow">inin" rel="nofollow">ing as well as practice may be most recommendable for management of the problem. Extensive epidemiologic proof embraces that hand washin" rel="nofollow">ing tends to reduce transmission of pathogens associated with health and in" rel="nofollow">infections as well. Various organizations, such as World Health organization, , Join" rel="nofollow">int Commission and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stress on hand hygiene and recommend in" rel="nofollow">interventions that may improve compliance so as to reduce health-acquired in" rel="nofollow">infections. Research shows that compliance among the health workers has been very low historically with an average of 39% (Ellin" rel="nofollow">ingson et al., 2014). The hand hygiene is a main" rel="nofollow">in concern of the World Health Organizations with an in" rel="nofollow">intent of min" rel="nofollow">inimizin" rel="nofollow">ing hospital acquired in" rel="nofollow">infections. It is one of the top five goals of the WHO in" rel="nofollow">in Worldwide Patient Safety Initiative. The hand washin" rel="nofollow">ing act should be exclusive in" rel="nofollow">in clin" rel="nofollow">inical routin" rel="nofollow">ines. WHO and CDC have brought forward the major guidelin" rel="nofollow">ines that are focused on the hand hygiene for health workers. It is crucial to research topics that are related to the type of work the nurses carry out on routin" rel="nofollow">inely basis. One of the top most learnin" rel="nofollow">ing priorities in" rel="nofollow">in nursin" rel="nofollow">ing is education, set for every patient that acquires care. Therefore, the nurses ought to be knowledgeable so as to comply to the rules of the NHS on hand hygiene. The problem of hand-washin" rel="nofollow">ing is essential to both the current and future of the healthcare system. The system may suffer if the nurses did nothin" rel="nofollow">ing to stop the trend of hospital-acquired in" rel="nofollow">infections to all patients, either hospitalized or not. Evidence-based research in" rel="nofollow">in hospital acquired in" rel="nofollow">infections is required for the growth and development of the nursin" rel="nofollow">ing practice profession. When nurses are vigilant of their hygiene, they in" rel="nofollow">increase the patients trust and thus enhancin" rel="nofollow">ing effective and high quality care. There is need that nurses learn how to adapt and plan for hygienic care provision. Thus the nursin" rel="nofollow">ing profession contin" rel="nofollow">inues to grow and develop with the consistent knowledge expansion and practice. The nurses take approaches that consider various factors to prevent such in" rel="nofollow">infections such as educatin" rel="nofollow">ing the patients. The nurses are able to get access to tools that assist in" rel="nofollow">in plannin" rel="nofollow">ing and evaluation programs for patients. Tools provided by the CDC are the universal precautions that are formed to prevent again" rel="nofollow">inst spread of blood borne pathogens and other fluids such as semen, amniotic fluids, vagin" rel="nofollow">inal secretions and cerebral spin" rel="nofollow">inal fluids (Allegranzi et al., 2010). As World Health Organization (2009) brin" rel="nofollow">ings out, train" rel="nofollow">inin" rel="nofollow">ing practice is the best in" rel="nofollow">intervention for hand hygiene non-compliance. The problem helps nurses to demonstrate leadership in" rel="nofollow">in the prevention and control of HAI by use of their skill, knowledge and judgment. This problem helps nurses to practice diligence and keepin" rel="nofollow">ing their patients safe. Questions How significant are hygienic hands in" rel="nofollow">in the general safety of patients? Why is the hand washin" rel="nofollow">ing compliance in" rel="nofollow">in healthcare workers still min" rel="nofollow">inimal after all the struggles in" rel="nofollow">in the recent decades? Why is washin" rel="nofollow">ing hands for health workers more effective than other protective measures like gloves? What is the best in" rel="nofollow">intervention for health workers compliancy with hand washin" rel="nofollow">ing and hygiene? Why is alcohol-based hand scrub the most recommended for hand washin" rel="nofollow">ing or hygiene in" rel="nofollow">in health care providers? The above questions help in" rel="nofollow">in a good plan for solvin" rel="nofollow">ing the problem of nosocomial in" rel="nofollow">infections. Accordin" rel="nofollow">ing to research, much of patient-patient in" rel="nofollow">infections in" rel="nofollow">in hospitals are caused by poor hand hygiene of the care providers (Uwaezuoke & Obu, 2013). The questions assist in" rel="nofollow">in explorin" rel="nofollow">ing the importance and best in" rel="nofollow">intervention measures of the problem so as to gain" rel="nofollow">in a better base for the research. Additionally, the issue of hospital acquired in" rel="nofollow">infections has been on the rise especially on developin" rel="nofollow">ing countries whereby more than 4,000 children die every year. Moreover, the problem of non-compliance in" rel="nofollow">in hand hygiene by health workers has ran through history as a main" rel="nofollow">in challenge. PICOT question Does hand hygiene, or hand-washin" rel="nofollow">ing among health care providers reduce hospital acquired in" rel="nofollow">infections as compared to other practices such as usage of gloves in" rel="nofollow">in the modern world? The PICO variables P- The population of in" rel="nofollow">interest in" rel="nofollow">in this question was the patients and health workers. The problem was the hospital acquired in" rel="nofollow">infections. Such a population was chosen basin" rel="nofollow">ing on obstin" rel="nofollow">inate number of deaths in" rel="nofollow">in nosocomial in" rel="nofollow">infections in" rel="nofollow">in the recent decades. I-The in" rel="nofollow">intervention of in" rel="nofollow">interest in" rel="nofollow">in the question was hand washin" rel="nofollow">ing for healthcare workers, or other, main" rel="nofollow">intenance of hygienic hands. C- The comparison of in" rel="nofollow">interest in" rel="nofollow">in the question lies on the hand washin" rel="nofollow">ing practices versus other alternative methods such as gloves used by health workers or nurses. O-The outcome as brought out in" rel="nofollow">in the question was reduction of the hospital acquired in" rel="nofollow">infections among patients. T- The time frame for this question is the modern days. The PICOT question prompted to formulation of the keywords that would be used in" rel="nofollow">in the electronic databases. The possible keywords that may be used in" rel="nofollow">in carryin" rel="nofollow">ing out a literature search for the generated PICOT question are hand washin" rel="nofollow">ing, hand hygiene, hospital-acquired in" rel="nofollow">infections, glove usage, alcohol-based, in" rel="nofollow">inpatients, hand disin" rel="nofollow">infection, WHO, HAI in" rel="nofollow">intervention and healthcare workers. ? References Allegranzi, B., Sax, H., Bengaly, L., Riebet, H., Min" rel="nofollow">inta, D. K., Chraiti, M. N., ... & Pittet, D. (2010). Successful implementation of the World Health Organization hand hygiene improvement strategy in" rel="nofollow">in a referral hospital in" rel="nofollow">in Mali, Africa. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 31(2), 133-141. Ellin" rel="nofollow">ingson, K., Haas, J. P., Aiello, A. E., Kusek, L., Maragakis, L. L., Olmsted, R. N., ... & VanAmrin" rel="nofollow">inge, M. (2014). Strategies to prevent healthcare-associated in" rel="nofollow">infections through hand hygiene. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 35(08), 937-960. Picheansathian, W. (2004). A systematic review on the effectiveness of alcohol?based solutions for hand hygiene. International journal of nursin" rel="nofollow">ing practice, 10(1), 3-9. Uwaezuoke, S. N., & Obu, H. A. (2013). Nosocomial in" rel="nofollow">infections in" rel="nofollow">in neonatal in" rel="nofollow">intensive care units: cost-effective control strategies in" rel="nofollow">in resource-limited countries. Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics, 40(2), 125-132. World Health Organization (WHO). (2009). World Health Organization guidelin" rel="nofollow">ines on hand hygiene. Geneva: WHO.