Introduction to Emergency Management

    Choose only four (4) of the following to complete:1. We have explored the idea that the history of Emergency Management has evolved based on the hazards to the United States, and the development of the United States from a pioneer developing nation, to a sophisticated developed nation. As a result of that industrial and technological advance, hazards seem to have more impact on more populated areas, infrastructure and technology. Additionally, new technologies have their own potential to be a hazard and cause risks.a. Define Emergency, Disasters and Catastrophe. Which is the most severe and least severe and why?b. Define, compare and contrast natural and technological hazards, providing two examples of each hazard, using case studies to illustrate your answer. Identify at least two risks for each hazard you choose to discuss.c. How do each of your chosen hazards above cause additional hazards or risks? 2. One of the challenges in coordinating all emergency management activities is managing our national culture and laws, including the relationship among the people, and their governments. This challenge is rooted in our Constitutional federalism—one people with two sovereigns (the state, and the federal governments respectively). During the course, we have discussed classical notions and sources of federalism and how they impact 21st century emergency management policymaking. For this question, evaluate the following: a. How does federalism affect emergency management? i. Identify four examples (from any week thus far), and explain how federalism impacts how governments respond to disaster.ii. In what ways is the relationship between state and federal government for emergency management collaborative, based on the readings?b. Why do states get to determine their own emergency management structures? And what advantages or disadvantages does each state deciding how to conduct emergency management present? 3. Rephrasing the famous quote from Justice Potter Stewart, do we “know terrorism when we see it?” Over the course of the semester, we have evaluated several concepts of what the terrorism hazard is and could be. One challenge, seems to be that there is no consensus definition in the literature. Moreover, federal law varies on what terrorism is. For this question, evaluate the following: a. Discuss the actions our government took immediately following 9/11. What changes were made in our concept of domestic security? How did those changes impact Emergency Management policy from 2001-2005?b. Haddow explores the history of terrorism and the kinds of hazards terrorism presents. Why is it difficult to plan for the terrorism “hazard?” What risks does this unique hazard present?c. Based on the case studies, how can EM principles inform terrorism planning and response? 4. Citizens can play a unique role in disaster response, from being individually prepared to becoming more formally involved as a volunteer. We explored in readings the myriad ways that citizens can become involved in preparedness.a. What roles do the public play in disaster preparedness?b. Name at least two federal partner programs discussed in readings and lecture, their roles in disaster response, and the potential advantage those partner programs present for preparedness.c. Discuss at least two advantages and two disadvantages in relying upon citizen volunteers in disaster response, generally speaking. Provide specific examples of these advantages and disadvantages. 5. The National Guard represents one of the oldest tools for how to provide domestic homeland defense and emergency management, but there are numerous limitations on the ways that support is given. Using the course materials:a. Explain the three “duty status” that the National Guard may be deployed. In each example, provide which elected official is commander-in-chief, what level of government pays for the activity.b. Provide an example of the use of the National Guard under each “duty status”c. Suppose President Trump desired to use the National Guard for a federal mission to provide support to Puerto Rico. He wants to use the National Guard as a policing power under a federal mission. i. Is the president able to use the National Guard this way? Why? ii. What steps would he need to take or what laws would he need to use?iii. If you were the governor of Puerto Rico, would you want the president to “federalize” the Guard? Why or why not? 6. Effective communications are absolutely essential to responding to any emergency or disaster. Government executives must clearly communicate the risks facing the community, and develop strategic messages to guide the public in times of crisis.a. How does the public see risk? How do the EM institutions see risk? How do decision makers work to reconcile differences of public/institutional perception of risks?b. What is the mission of an effective disaster communications strategy?  Who are the stakeholders? Describe the guidelines that should be followed when working with the media in disaster response. c. What three (3) factors do the Department of Homeland Security/Federal Emergency Management Agency (DHS/FEMA) and its state and local partners need to address to improve its communications with the American people?