Select one of the four basic human needs described in Ormrod, Chapter 11 as a “key ingredient” in intrinsic
motivation. Why is it important and how can teachers help meet that need?
How do attributions influence emotion, cognition and behavior?
After viewing the Annenberg video entitled Expectations for Success: Motivation and Learning in the learning
activities folder provide examples of the instructional strategies that each of the teachers used to motivate
students
video link
https://www.learner.org/series/the-learning-classroom-theory-into-practice/expectations-for-success-motivationand-learning/
n considering general motivational processes, beyond academic motivation specifically, it is useful to
remember that our students have certain basic needs they must address related to their physical survival; for
example, they must regularly have food, water, and shelter.
An early model of human needs, proposed by Abraham Maslow, suggested that humans organize their needs
in fairly consistent ways (e.g., Maslow, 1943, 1973, 1987). Maslow identified five levels of basic human needs:
Physiological: Needs related to physical survival (food, water, shelter, etc.)
Safety: The need to feel safe and secure in one’s environment
Love and belonging: The need to have affectionate relationships with others and to be accepted as part of a
group
Esteem: The need to feel good about oneself (self-esteem) and also to believe that others also perceive
oneself favorably (esteem from others)
Self-actualization: The need to reach one’s full potential—to become all that one is capable of becoming
Maslow proposed these needs are organized to form a hierarchy, as illustrated in Figure 11.2. Specifically, he
suggested that individuals try to satisfy their physiological needs first, then the need for safety, and still later
their needs for love, belonging, and esteem. Only when such needs have been met do they strive for selfactualization, exploring areas of interest, learning simply for the sheer pleasure of it, and so on. Thus, students
whose basic needs are insufficiently met are unlikely to be motivated by academic pursuit. For example, one of
the authors knew a boy living in a Philadelphia ghetto who was eager to go to school but often stayed home to
avoid the violent gangs that hung out on the local street corner. This boy’s need for safety took precedence
over any need for self-actualization he might have had.
Sample Solution