Full Answer Section

• Cultural Exchange: The expansion of the Islamic empire led to extensive cultural exchange and the spread of Islamic knowledge and civilization.

Factors Contributing to Division:

• Political Rivalries: The competition for power and resources among various Muslim dynasties and states often led to conflicts and divisions.
• Sectarian Differences: The emergence of different sects within Islam, such as Sunni and Shia, created theological and political divisions.
• Regional Variations: Cultural and linguistic differences between regions within the Muslim world also contributed to divisions.

Conclusion

While the Muslim world experienced periods of unity under the leadership of the caliphate and shared a common Islamic identity, deep divisions also existed due to political rivalries, sectarian differences, and regional variations. Understanding both the unifying and divisive forces that shaped the Muslim world during this period is essential for a comprehensive understanding of its history.