James Gelvin, The Modern Middle East: A History, 4th edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), pp.
205-219.
Orhan Pamuk, Istanbul: Memories and the City, translated by Maureen Freely (New York: Vintage, 2006),
pp. 245-285 (Chapters 26-30).
How would you compare the policies that Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and Reza Shah undertook in the
aftermath of the First World War in their respective countries (Turkey and Iran)? In what ways, the
experience of Egypt and Saudi Arabia was different during this time?
Sample Solution