It is true that, on average, women spend less time in the labour market gaining experience, on-the-job
training, and other forms of human capital than men do, which is often tied to childbearing responsibilities.
Some apologists claim that lower pay for women might be justified, as employers have less of an incentive
to invest in workers with higher turnover. On the other hand, this line of reasoning has been countered by
some analysts. What is the nature of the critique of those who disagree with the apologists? (An apologist
would say that the pay differentials are justifiable based on productivity and that there is no direct
discrimination against women.)
Sample Solution