Thomas Jefferson wrote, “Nothing is more clearly written in the book of destiny than the emancipation of the blacks; and it is equally certain that the two races will never live in a state of equal freedom under the same government, so insurmountable are the barriers which nature, habit, and opinions have established between them.” Alexis de Tocqueville was similarly pessimistic because skin color would always carry a reminder of slavery. Is the pessimism justified, and, yes or no, what do we do next?
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