Philosophers and their theories

  Innate ideas: Explain the arguments given for and against innate ideas, by Descartes, Leibniz, and Locke. Substance: Explain the different theories of substance advanced by Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, and Berkeley, including how their different metaphysical and epistemological differences lead to the differences in their theories of substance. Hume and Kant: Explain the line of reasoning that led to Hume’s skepticism, and how Kant’s transcendental idealism tries to overcome that skepticism.