Physical agent modalities (PAMs)

1. Introduction (what are PAMs, why do therapists use them, etc.)
2. Provide basic information about each condition and list at least one technique used for each of the following conditions:
   a. Hypertrophic scar
   b. Flexor tendon injuries
   c. Edema
   d. Nerve repair
3. Briefly summarize California laws regarding the use of PAMs.
4. Describe the following PAMs and list a corresponding intervention implication as well as a contraindication to intervention:
   PAM Description Intervention implication Contraindication
   Paraffin
   Hot packs
   Cryotherapy
   Whirlpool
   E-Stim
   Fluidotherapy
   Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

Sample Solution