Recent advances in the biological theory of crime

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          Testosterone and Cortisol

• Testosterone: While high levels of testosterone have been linked to aggression in some studies, the relationship between testosterone and crime is complex and multifaceted. Factors such as environmental influences, social context, and individual differences can also play a significant role.
• Cortisol: Low levels of cortisol, a stress hormone, have been associated with increased aggression and impulsivity, which may contribute to criminal behavior. However, the relationship between cortisol and crime is also complex and may be influenced by other factors.

Serial Killer Case Study: Ted Bundy Ted Bundy, a notorious serial killer, was known for his intelligence, charm, and ability to manipulate others. While it is difficult to pinpoint the exact causes of his violent behavior, several factors may have contributed:

• Childhood Trauma: Bundy experienced a traumatic childhood, including the death of his younger sister and witnessing his mother's attempted suicide. These experiences may have had a lasting impact on his mental health and development.
• Head Injury: Bundy suffered a head injury as a child, which may have affected his personality and behavior.
• Personality Disorders: Some experts believe that Bundy may have had underlying personality disorders, such as narcissistic personality disorder or antisocial personality disorder.

Sociobiology Theory and Aggression Sociobiology theory suggests that aggression is an innate human behavior that has evolved over time. While aggression can be a natural response to threats or competition, it is also influenced by cultural, social, and environmental factors. Aggression towards strangers may be motivated by fear or a desire to protect resources, while aggression within groups may be influenced by social hierarchies or competition for status. Eugenics Movement and Nazi Use Eugenics is a social philosophy that advocates for improving the human population through selective breeding. The Nazis used eugenics to justify their policies of forced sterilization and genocide. They believed that certain groups, such as Jews, Roma, and people with disabilities, were genetically inferior and should be eliminated from the population. Limitations of Biological Theories While biological theories provide valuable insights into the factors that may contribute to criminal behavior, they are not sufficient on their own to explain all crime. Environmental, social, and psychological factors also play a significant role. Additionally, biological theories can be misused to justify discrimination and prejudice. It is important to consider the limitations of biological theories and to avoid oversimplifying the complex causes of crime.    

Sample Answer

       

1. Epigenetics: This field examines how environmental factors can influence gene expression, potentially affecting behavior. Studies have shown that early-life experiences, such as stress or abuse, can alter gene expression and increase the risk of criminal behavior.

2. Neuroimaging Techniques: Advances in neuroimaging techniques, such as fMRI and PET scans, have allowed researchers to study brain structures and functions in relation to criminal behavior. These studies have identified abnormalities in certain brain regions that may be associated with aggression and violence.