Rise of western civilization

Rise of western civilization The essay portion of the exam must be typewritten with at least a page for each question. Answer the followin" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">ing essay questions. bein" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">ing careful to respond to all parts of each question. 1. Karl Wittfogel's “Hydraulic Hypothesis" underscores the contribution of the control and main" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">intenance of irrigation and reclamation (“hydraulic") systems to the generation of complex societies. particularly in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in river valley areas. Robert Carneiro's “Environmental Circumscription" hypothesis also focuses on the rise of complex societies in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in river valleys. but emphasizes the fertility of the valleys. the associated human population density. and the resultant high levels of competition and warfare in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in these environments. How might these theories help us to understand the association of ancient civilizations with alluvial river valleys? Might both of these processes be operatin" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">ing simultaneously? What might be some other factors that underlie the importance of river valleys for the rise of civilization? (Remember that river valleys are composed not only of rivers. but of mountain" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">ins. so that in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in river valleys there are frequently a variety of resources found in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in a relatively small area.) Usin" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">ing at least three examples of ancient civilizations. at least one of which comes from southern or eastern Asia and one from the Americas. what can we conclude about the relationship of river valleys and ancient civilizations? 2. Monumental architecture is generally associated with ancient civilizations. and its begin" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">innin" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">ing can sometimes be seen even in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in the chiefdom-level societies that preceded full-fledged civilizations. What does monumental architecture tell us about the level of political complexity (i.e.. hierarchy) characteristic of a given society? Why is the association of monumental architecture with civilization so frequent? What variety of functions does monumental architecture perform in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in ancient civilizations? In answerin" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">ing these questions. cite specific examples of monumental architecture from at least three ancient civilizations. at least one of which is from southern or eastern Asia and one from the Americas. 3. The development of civilization in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in some areas may be described as a “primary" process. while in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in other areas it may be thought of as a “secondary" development in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in the sense that the development of highly centralized political power seems to have required the previous existence of complex societies in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in other regions. In particular. the role of trade seems to have been of primary importance in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in creatin" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">ing the rise of a politically powerful elite. Utilizin" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">ing at least three of the ancient civilizations that we have described in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in the course from Europe. subSaharan Africa. SE Asia. or the Americas. describe the role of trade in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in the rise of civilization. 4. The existence of political power and standin" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">ing armies as elements of coercion is often cited as the defin" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">inin" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">ing factor for the “state" level for social evolution in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in various parts of the world. Sometimes warfare appears to have been a causative element in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in the unification of societies under centralized political leadership. while at other times it seems to have been primarily a byproduct of already-existin" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">ing centralized political control. Drawin" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">ing from at least three examples of ancient civilizations. at least one of which is from the Americas. discuss the connection of warfare with civilization. 5. Religion in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in some cases appears to have played an important role in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in the generation of complex societies. although it took quite different forms in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in different areas - rangin" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">ing from simple rites to human sacrifice. from small shrin" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">ines to enormous temples. and variously practiced by priests. "priest- kin" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">ings." or "divin" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">ine" secular leaders. Great kin" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">ings may simply be sanctified by priests. may be the head of the “church" (state religion). or may themselves be livin" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">ing gods or demigods. Why is there such a wide range of lin" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">inkages between religion and ancient civilizations? In spite of these differences. what are some of the universal elements underlyin" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">ing religion as a political force in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in" rel="nofollow">in the generation of complex