syntax and phonology

Part 1 Question 1. Transcription practice (3 marks) In the box below demonstrate your phonemic transcription skills by transcribing the names provided. If you’re unsure of the pronunciation of these names, you’ll find an audio file in the Assessment block of the unit’s Moodle page. Include stress marking, where appropriate. Use the HCE transcription system for Australian English that we employed in this unit, and the IPA stress diacritics. Nicole Kidman Hugh Jackman Kylie Minogue * * * The dataset below is a representative sample of words from Language B, transcribed phonetically. The next five questions (qus 2-6) relate to this data. ['?ala] 'rice’ [e'zaha] 'soup ['sã?i~n] 'chair’ ['izã?] 'belly' ['ezil] 'behind’ ['?ehu] 'full' ['aðus] 'chief' [a'buzek] ‘friend’ ['ezik] 'sew' [nazi'dãni] ‘laugh’ [mus] 'string' ['ales] 'body' ['tapaðe~m] ‘leaf’ ['saibir] ‘box’ ['kele?] ‘fire’ ['sehe] ‘cast’ Question 2. Identify the key articulatory features (3 marks) ) [length: confine your answer to the boxes below] Describe the members of the two sets of speech sounds, [s] +[z], and then [?] and [ð]. In the Table below provide the three term label (voice+place+manner) for each sound, then after ‘These sounds are’ state the feature or features that the three sounds in that column share. Note: Features are category labels like [+/-sonorant], [+/-bilabial] etc. [ s, ?] [ z, ð ] phone three term label phone three term label [ s ] [ z ] [? ] [ð ] These sounds are These sounds are Question 3. Determine if there is complementary distribution (3 marks) Study the data for evidence of complementary distribution between [s] + [z], and then [?] + [ð]. If there is no complementary distribution, list the shared (or overlapping) distributions which support the analysis. If, on the other hand, there is complementary distribution, list the relevant distributions for each phone, and summarise your findings so as to describe the different distributions of the two classes of allophone. [ s, ? ] [ z, ð ] phone distribution phone distribution [ s ] [ z ] [? ] [ð ] These sounds occur These sounds occur Question 4. Phonological rule writing (4 marks) [length: confine your answer to the boxes below] In qu 3 you decided whether [s] +[z], and then [?] and [ð] were in complementary distribution or not. In qu 4 you get to represent that decision as a single phonological rule. • If you decide they aren’t, use the first box below to explain your reasoning. • If you decide they are, use the second box below to account for the allophony, stating your reason as a sentence, then as a phonological rule (of the type [+/-feature] -> [-/+feature] / in ___ environment). Do not fill in both boxes. No they are not in complementary distribution Sentence: Yes they are in complementary distribution Sentence: Rule: Question 5. Oral & nasal vowels (4 marks) [length: confine your answer to the boxes below] Decide whether oral and nasal vowels are, or are not, in complementary distribution (ie. are [ã] and [a] separate phonemes, or allophones of one phoneme?). • If you decide they aren’t, use the first box below to explain your reasoning. • If you decide they are, use the second box below to account for the allophony, stating your reason as a sentence, then as a phonological rule (of the type [+/-feature] -> [-/+feature] / in ___ environment). • Do not fill in both boxes. No they are not in complementary distribution Sentence: Yes they are in complementary distribution Sentence: Rule: Question 6. Word stress (2 marks) [length: confine your answer to the text box] Describe the regular pattern of stress assignment in Language B words. State which word violates the regular rule. Primary stress falls The exceptional word is Question 7. Phrase Structure trees (4 marks) [length: just draw the two trees in the boxes below] Draw phrase structure trees for the following two sentences, using the PS rules on page 236 of our textbook. You can paste in trees from tree-drawing software if you want to, but you are welcome to draw your trees by hand then scan your worksheet to submit it electronically. Be sure to do your full working out on another sheet, then just transfer your finished tree to the boxes provided here. S I placed the bone in the bowl for the puppy S The weary politicians thought that the prime-minister was losing popularity Question 8. Types of subordinate clause (3 marks) [length: just three sentences] Demonstrate your knowledge of the types of subordinate clause by making up sentences of your own. To make them clearly original, make them about UNE/this unit/Nick (flattery doesn’t (officially) get extra marks) or something clearly specific to yourself. Relative clause Complement clause Adverbial clause Question 9. Ambiguity (4 marks) [length: just a paragraph of no more than 6 lines, and two PS trees] The sentence ‘I shot an elephant in my pyjamas’ is structurally ambiguous. In your own words: i) say what the two meanings are ii) say whether the ambiguity is lexical or syntactic iii) explain the structural differences between the two interpretations, making reference to the positioning of phrases within trees. iv) Draw the two PS trees below. s I shot an elephant in my pyjamas S I shot an elephant in my pyjamas Question 10. Roots (4 marks) Write the root forms of the Language Y words, without any affixes, in the table below [length: just the roots in the cells provided below]. man Kill bird See boy Catch fish Cook woman Want pan Spear fire Labu Worm Pupu wok Question 11. Inflectional morphology (7 marks) [length: just the table of 7 morphemes below] Language Y has 2 systems of inflectional morphology: (a) CASE: marking the grammatical function of a noun phrase, and (b) INDEXING: marking person/number of participants on verbs. Our data provides evidence of 7 inflectional morphemes. To make things maximally simple for you, we've provided the labels for all 7 categories of information. Your job is just to identify the corresponding Language Y inflectional morpheme, using hyphens to indicate its affix type (e.g. prefix-, -infix-, -suffix, circum-X- fix) in the right-hand column. (a) CASE 1. Subject 2. Object 3. Instrument—i.e. an object used by someone to do something (b) INDEXING 4. Subject (third-person singular) n- 5. Subject (third-person plural) 6. Object (third-person singular) 7. Object (third-person plural) Question 12. Morphophonemics (2 marks) [length: 100 words or less] The data provides evidence of a phonological rule that affects affixes. In a short paragraph, describe the rule. Question 13. Syntax phrase structure rules and tree (6 marks) [length: a small table of rules, and one tree diagram] a) Propose a set of PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES that is capable of generating the Language Y sentences (1) to (9) of the data-set. Assume that numerals in Language Y are adjectives. b) Adhering to your rules, draw a PHRASE STRUCTURE TREE for sentence (11) in the dataset. \ Question 14. Provide translations for the following new Language Y sentences (4 marks) [Length: just in the boxes provided] Two birds catch a worm* Two fish cook a bird with a wok* *The Language Y noun root for ‘worm’ is labu, and ‘wok’ is pupu          

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