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Testing in shaping the counseling profession during the first half of the twentieth century

What was the role of testing in shaping the counseling profession during the first half of the twentieth century? How did this influence the way in which counselors approached their work, and what lessons can be learned from this historical period as we strive to build a more ethical and equitable future for the field?

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Binge eating and Dissociation have common function of blocking negative effects. State dissociation appear to have a important role under binge eating behaviour.(Charli Hallings-Pott,2005) The DSM-5 defines dissociation as “a disruption and/or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control and behavioural distinction is often made between dissociative states and dissociative traits (e.g., Bremner, 2010; Bremner & Brett, 1997). Where State dissociation is viewed as a transient symptom, which lasts for a few minutes or hours (e.g., dissociation during a traumatic event). Trait dissociation is a integral aspect of personality, this is studied under non pathological dissociation. The non severe dissociation can be also called as normative dissociation, this includes day dreaming, fantasy and absorption in every day life situation. This state is not organically induced as doesn’t occur as a part of the any psychiatric disorder and leads to a temporary alteration or separation of from the normative intergrated mental process. There are two elements which are common in pathological and non pathological dissociation the first telescoping of the attention field which leads concentrating on narrowing range of experiences and exclusion of the internal or external material from the awareness related to the experience’s which may lead to temporary lack of reflective consciousness. The other two elements related to normative dissociation are absorption and connotative involvement Absorption is getting engrossed in recreational activities or getting engaged in every day work. During absorption attention is more focused and stable where as environmental and personal context is impaired. As voluntary control and awareness are the major elements of consciousness , when there is a disruption seen in one or both the process, disassociation is seen to be present. According to some studies there are multiple form of dissociative experience under which Absorption and Imaginative Involv>

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