The differences between historical biological and contemporary biosocial theories of crime

Full Answer Section

• Somatotype Theory: This theory linked body types (ectomorph, mesomorph, endomorph) to criminal behavior.

Contemporary Biosocial Theories

• Neurotransmitter Imbalances: These theories suggest that imbalances in neurotransmitters, such as serotonin or dopamine, can contribute to criminal behavior.
• Hormonal Factors: Hormones, such as testosterone, have been implicated in aggressive and violent behavior.
• Genetics: Studies have identified genetic factors that may increase the risk of criminal behavior, but these factors are often complex and interact with environmental influences.
• Epigenetics: This field examines how environmental factors can influence gene expression, potentially affecting behavior.
• Gene-Environment Interactions: Biosocial theories emphasize the importance of considering both genetic and environmental factors in understanding criminal behavior.

Key Differences:

• Focus: Historical biological theories primarily focused on inherent biological factors, while contemporary biosocial theories recognize the interplay between biological and environmental factors.
• Methodology: Contemporary biosocial theories use more sophisticated research methods, such as twin and adoption studies, to examine the relative contributions of genes and environment.
• Nuance: Contemporary biosocial theories offer a more nuanced understanding of criminal behavior, acknowledging the complexity of human behavior and the importance of context.

In conclusion, while historical biological theories often oversimplified the causes of crime, contemporary biosocial theories provide a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the factors that contribute to criminal behavior. By considering the interaction between biological and environmental factors, these theories offer valuable insights into the complex origins of crime.

Sample Answer

Historical biological theories of crime primarily focused on inherent biological or genetic factors as the primary causes of criminal behavior. In contrast, contemporary biosocial theories recognize the interplay between biological factors and environmental influences in shaping criminal behavior.

Historical Biological Theories

• Phrenology: This theory suggested that the shape of the skull was indicative of criminal tendencies.
• Atavism: This theory proposed that criminals were evolutionary throwbacks or "primitive" individuals with physical characteristics resembling those of lower animals.