Question 11 pts
“The sky is blue.” This is an example of a statement.
True
False
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Question 21 pts
A valid deductive argument guarantees the truth of its conclusion.
True
False
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Question 31 pts
“The dog bit my neighbor because he annoyed it.” This is an example of an:
argument
explanation
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Question 41 pts
“The dog bit my neighbor because there are teeth marks on his leg.” This is an example of an:
argument
explanation
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Question 51 pts
“If anything is a dog, then it is a mammal. This animal is not a dog. Thus, it is not a mammal.” This argument is:
Valid
Invalid
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Question 61 pts
“Either you’re dead or alive. You’re obviously not dead, so you must be alive.” This argument is a substitution instance of which argument form?
modus ponens
modus tollens
hypothetical syllogism
disjunctive syllogism
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Question 71 pts
“If we remain on standard time, then the grass will get one hour less sunlight. If the grass gets one hour less sunlight, then it will stay greener. Therefore, if we remain on standard time, then the grass will stay greener.” This argument is a substitution instance of which argument form?
modus ponens
modus tollens
hypothetical syllogism
disjunctive syllogism
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Question 81 pts
“Either Columbus is in Ohio or Cincinnati is in Ohio. Columbus is in Ohio. Therefore, Cincinatti is not in Ohio.” This argument is:
valid
invalid
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Question 91 pts
“Every map of the United States shows that Alabama is situated on the Pacific coast. Therefore, Alabama must be a western state.” This argument is:
weak
sound
cogent
strong
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Question 101 pts
An argument may have false premises and a false conclusion and still be valid.
True
False
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Question 111 pts
“(1) If minds are identical to brains—that is, if one’s mind is nothing but a brain—androids could never have minds because they wouldn’t have brains. (2) Clearly, a mind is nothing but a brain. (3) So, it’s impossible for androids to have minds.” Give the number of the statement that is the conclusion of this argument.
3
2
1
No answer text provided.
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Question 121 pts
“If anything is a wolf, it can interbreed with a dog. This animal can interbreed with a dog. Therefore, it is a wolf.” This argument is:
weak
unsound
sound
cogent
No answer text provided.
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Question 131 pts
“Look round the world . . . you will find it to be nothing but one great machine, subdivided into an infinite number of lesser machines. . . . All these various machines . . . are adjusted to each other . . . The curious adapting of means to ends, throughout all nature, resembles . . . the productions of human contrivance. . . Since therefore the effects resemble each other, we are led to infer . . . that the causes also resemble, and that the Author of Nature is somewhat similar to the mind of man.” This is an example of what kind of argument?
modus ponens
inductive generalization
deductive
analogical
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Question 141 pts
When we begin with observations about some members of a group and then generalize about all of them, we use a kind of reasoning known as…
enumerative induction
analogical reasoning
causal reasoning
deduction
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Question 151 pts
An inductive generalization can fail to be strong because . . .
The population is too large
The sample has many members
The sample is too small or not representative
The sample is representative of the population
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Question 161 pts
When we draw a conclusion about a population based on an inadequate sample size, we commit a fallacy known as . . .
biased sample
hasty generalization
false analogy
non causa pro causa
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Question 171 pts
Oxygen is a _ condition for fire.
Necessary
Sufficient
Jointly necessary and sufficient
None of the above
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Question 181 pts
The purpose of a chair is its _ cause.
material
formal
efficient
final
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Question 191 pts
A correlation of events always means a causal relationship is present.
True
False
No answer text provided.
No answer text provided.
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Question 201 pts
Mill's Methods are at the core of the scientific method.
True
False
No answer text provided.
No answer text provided.
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Question 211 pts
“Playing a viola is just like playing a violin. You need to have strong, quick fingers. Angus is pretty good on the violin; he’d probably be good on the viola, too.” What kind of inductive argument is this?
Causal
Enumerative Induction
Analogical
No answer text provided.
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Question 221 pts
“Whenever we have great roses like this, it’s always been after a long period of cloudy weather. Must be they don’t like direct sun.” Which of Mill’s methods is exemplified in this passage?
Joint Method
Agreement
Difference
Concomitant Variation
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Question 231 pts
“Pat never had trouble playing that passage before. I wonder what the problem is. It must have something to do with the piano she just bought.” Which of Mill’s methods is exemplified in this passage?
Agreement
Joint Method
Residues
Difference
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Question 241 pts
“I feel a draft in the room. I close the door, but to avail. I close the window, still to no avail. I then close the vent, and the draft is gone. I infer that the open vent was the most likely cause of the draft.” This passage exemplifies which of Mill’s methods?
Concomitant Variation
Residues
Agreement
Difference
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Question 251 pts
“Post hoc, ergo propter hoc” means “after that, therefore because of that.”
True
False
No answer text provided.
No answer text provided.
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Question 261 pts
"I believe that by reducing my fever by taking aspirin I will cure my sickness." Which causal fallacy have I committed in believing this?
Sample Solution