Transformation.

1. Define transformation. Describe how can bacteria be made to produce human insulin. 2. Why is it better to use cDNA library than genomic library to clone protein-coding genes? 3. Define PCR. Describe how PCR can be used to identify the murderer in a crime scene. 4. Answer the following questions: a. Describe the processes involved in denaturation and denaturation of DNA. b. Why is this process useful to investigators? c. What is the purpose of a DNA probe? d. Why is it necessary to denature the DNA during southern blotting? 5. Thoroughly explain how a retrovirus, such as HIV, infect a human cell. 6. What are mobile genetic elements? What are transposons? Describe ways by which a transposon can move within a bacterial genome. (10 pts) 7. Answer the following questions a. Define plasmids and discuss their function. Describe one way by which bacteria is capable of exchanging genes with one another. b. Explain one way in which gene transfer between different bacterial cells may be hazardous. 8. What are the steps involved in DNA cloning?                                                                                                                            

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