Understanding disease concepts

1. What is adaptation? 2. What is autophagy? 3. What is apoptosis 4. What are the differences between metaplasia, dysplasia and cancer? (3 marks) 5. Following a myocardial infarction, briefly explain the inflammatory and repair processes occurring in the heart from the point of necrosis until scarring? (8 marks) 6. How does the kidney compensate for reduced cardiac output? (3 marks) 7. What are the backward effects of left-heart failure? What symptoms would be present in a patient? (4 marks) 8. What are the 5 key signs of acute inflammation and how are they related to vascular changes. 9. What are the stages of acute inflammation? 10. What is Granulation tissue and when does it occur? 11. What are the positive and negative consequences of Organisation? 12. The acute inflammatory process is critical for repair yet in some cases may be detrimental and even life threatening, can you think of where this might be the case? 13. What are the 3 main features of chronic inflammation hat differentiate it from acute inflammation? 14. Identify the 3 (general) reasons why chronic inflammation occurs? 15. What are the 2 major risk factors for the development of venous thrombi? 16. What are the differences between superficial and deep venous thrombi? 17. What are the main non-modifiable risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis? 18. Why do aneurysms form in vessels and ventricles? 19. Why do thrombi form on atherosclerotic lesions or within aneurysms? 20. What is the difference between angina and a heart attack? 21. Define Atheroma (In simple terms) 22. Define Atherosclerosis (in Simple Terms) 23. The scars in the brain are unlike collagen scars that form in other parts of the body what are they usually made from? 24. How does hypertension lead to atherosclerosis? 25. How can atherosclerosis lead to hypertension (it is different from previous question) 26. What does the kidney do in response to hypotension? 27. How does the kidney respond to sustained hypertension? 28. Prolonged starvation would result in what changes in the heart? 29. Will re-feeding following starvation reverse the changes that have occurred in the heart? 30. What form of cellular adaptation occurs in the heart in response to hypertension? 31. What 3 features comprise immature scar tissue? What is the correct term for immature scar? 32. Why does the heart always heal through organisation? 33. What is the problem with having scarring in the heart? 34. Which vessels are usually occluded in cases of myocardial infarction? 35. What is the difference between angina and myocardial infarction 36. What is a mural thrombus? 37. Why could a cardiac mural thrombus be dangerous? 38. Quick summary of left heart failure i.e. what is it, signs and symptoms 39. Quick summary of mitral valve disease 40. What is pulmonary congestion? 41. Why is heart failure often called congestive heart failure 42. Identify backward and forward effects and signs/symptoms in a patient with left sided heart failure? 43. What effect does left sided heart failure have on the right ventricle? 44. Identify backward and forward effects and signs and symptoms of right-sided heart failure? 45. Why does endocarditis frequently become chronic? 46. What are some of the local (within the heart) effects of endocarditis? 47. What are some of the systemic effects of infective endocarditis? 48. What is Pericarditis? 49. What are the most common causes of Pericarditis? 50. What are the possible consequences of Pericarditis? 51. Why are most cancers carcinomas? 52. The liver rarely develops primary cancers unless affected by cirrhosis, a chronic inflammatory process. Why do cancers form in livers that have cirrhosis? 53. Why is the liver frequently affected by secondary cancers? 54. What type of epithelium lines the conductive regions of the airways? 55. The chronic irritation caused by smoking results in adaptation; what sort of adaptation occurs? 56. What are the positive and negative consequences of this adaptation and are they reversible? 57. Genetic mutations caused by the cigarette smoke may lead to what further changes in this epithelium? 58. Why are the lungs a major site for secondary cancers?    

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