Urbanization is when the population grows causing migration to cities and towns and could lead to mega-cities or metropolitan areas. Urbanization causes an influx of transportation which causes an increase in carbon dioxide emission. Urbanization also leads to sanitary issues which can cause water contamination and diseases such as cholera. Urbanization also leads to land development for housing and commercialized business which can lead to flooding issues and soil erosions (Wang et al., 2018; Yazdi & Dariani, 2016).
Industrialization is a factor of population growth, such as processing natural resources like lumber and coal and advanced transportation systems like airplanes and trains. However, industrialization causes depletion of the earth’s natural resources, such as deforestation because the lumbar is used for furniture manufactory and etc. Also, industrialization causes increased greenhouse gas emissions resulting in air pollution, and improper waste disposal leads to water pollution (Bhandari & Gard, 2015).
Agricultural practices are beneficial for humans, but cause a negative impact on land and water. For example, agricultural practices can cause soil erosion, degradation, vegetation loss, overgrazing, overfishing, and deforestation. Also, the use of pesticides and various fertilizers can cause water contamination which is dangerous for human health (EPA, 2015; world wildlife, 2020; world wildlife, 2020).
Advancement of technology leads to alternative transportation and energy system that does not release harmful toxic chemicals that result due to urbanization and industrialization, such as solar power infrastructure, tesla vehicles, and go green methods. For agricultural practices, guidelines and restrictions are enforced such as fines on overfishing, using chemicals that are not harmful to humans and the environment, and agricultural practice such as crop rotation or planting tree uphill to prevent flooding and soil erosion are used to promote human and environmental health.
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