Symptoms are associated with hypersensitivity and anaphylaxi

Discuss what symptoms are associated with hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis. How will the nurse differentiate these from other conditions or issues? What steps should be taken if the nurse suspects anaphylaxis?

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Hypersensitivity reactions are adverse immune responses to substances (allergens) that are otherwise harmless. They range in severity from mild local reactions to life-threatening systemic responses. Anaphylaxis is the most severe, acute, and potentially fatal form of a systemic hypersensitivity reaction.

 

Symptoms Associated with Hypersensitivity and Anaphylaxis:

 

General Hypersensitivity Symptoms (Mild to Moderate, often localized):

These symptoms can manifest in one or a few body systems and are typically not immediately life-threatening.

  • Skin:
    • Urticaria (Hives): Red, itchy, raised welts on the skin.
    • Pruritus (Itching): Generalized itching without a visible rash.
    • Erythema: Redness or flushing of the skin

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    • Angioedema: Swelling under the skin, often around the eyes, lips, face, tongue, or genitals. This can be more serious if it affects the airway.
  • Respiratory (Mild):
    • Nasal congestion (stuffy nose)
    • Rhinorrhea (runny nose)
    • Sneezing
    • Mild coughing
    • Itchy throat or mouth
  • Gastrointestinal (Mild):
    • Mild abdominal cramping
    • Nausea

Anaphylaxis Symptoms (Severe, Rapid Onset, Multi-System Involvement):

Anaphylaxis is characterized by a rapid onset and progression of symptoms, typically involving two or more body systems, and often includes compromise of the airway, breathing, or circulation. It’s a medical emergency.

  • Skin (most common, but can be absent in up to 20% of cases):
    • Generalized urticaria (hives)
    • Widespread flushing and intense itching
    • Severe angioedema (swelling of lips, tongue, face, throat, uvula), which can rapidly lead to airway obstruction.
  • Respiratory System (Life-threatening):
    • Dyspnea (Difficulty Breathing): Shortness of breath, feeling of chest tightness.
    • Wheezing: High-pitched whistling sound on breathing, indicating bronchospasm (narrowing of airways).
    • Stridor: A high-pitched, harsh sound on inspiration, indicating upper airway obstruction (e.g., due to laryngeal edema).
    • Hoarseness or difficulty talking
    • Persistent cough
    • Cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin/lips due to lack of oxygen)
    • Respiratory arrest
  • Cardiovascular System (Life-threatening):
    • Hypotension (Low Blood Pressure): A sudden and significant drop in blood pressure, leading to inadequate blood flow to vital organs.
    • Tachycardia (rapid heart rate), though bradycardia can also occur in severe cases.
    • Weak, thready pulse

 

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