As can be seen from the above, there are different and at times confused definitions of the term ‘Public Value’. This in turn impacts on descriptions of how public value can be created, sustained and measured. To adopt a pragmatic approach to this difficulty, recourse is taken to Moore’s original concept whenever there are significantly divergent views proposed by other authors. How is Public Value created? To create public value Moore offers a model of working within a strategic triangle to ensure that the manager has both a true understanding of what is publicly valuable and a mandate to create it. When public managers consider their proposed action, he argues they must ensure that customers, stakeholders, sponsors and funders support the action (authorizing and political environment); their organization has operational capacity, skills and competencies to carry out the action (operational capacity); and that it is in line with the values, mission and purpose of their organization (strategic goals). Value is determined by the preferences of citizens but is it not enough for something to be desired for it to be of value. Citizens must be prepared to give something up for it, either in terms of taxes for services or enforcement powers given to the state in return for greater security. Kelly et al assess the optimum environment for the creation of public value is ‘the combination of strong public sector institutions and competition from private and non profit organizations’ as it ‘achieves the best balance of accountability innovation and efficiency’ to drive sustainable improvement. They cite the improvements in the services as proof quoting the linking of funding as good practice in shifting from measuring outputs to outcomes as a means of creating further value. They categorize the arenas for creation of public value into outcomes, services and trust. The criteria by which public value will be measured as the quality of customer service; how well the public feel that they are informed and the ch>