Constitutional conventions remain an important part of the UK Constitution?

Posted on May 10, 2022 | by Dan

To what extent do constitutional conventions remain an important part of the UK Constitution?

Sample Solution

Correctional rehabilitation is defined as, ““a planned correctional intervention that targets for change internal and/or social criminogenic factors with the goal of reducing recidivism and, where possible, of improving other aspects of an offender’s life,” (F Cullen, n.d.) and is founded upon the idea that, by tackling the root of their problem, people can change for the better. Nowadays, this is done through therapy that helps to tackle drug or alcohol issues, and attempts to get to the root of why they offended, as well as teaching inmates valuable life skills which they can use when they are released back into society. However, this tactic is relatively recent and was only founded and researched between 1930 and 1950; one of the first examples of a more rehabilitative approach was in 1787 when Dr Benjamin Rush lead the “Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons […] The Quakers thought solitary confinement could reform criminals. In such cells, the offenders could think over their wrongful ways, repent, and reform.” (Encyclopedia.com, 2005). Soon after this, penitentiaries were developed, which introduced work during the day and confinement during the night, and gave inmates more structure to their daily lives and something constructive to do with their time. Rehabilitation grew in popularity during the early 20th century and became widely used until the 70s and 80s, where it became much less favourable (B Huebner, 2009), possibly due to a pessimistic ‘Nothing Works essay written by Robert Martinson in 1974, which exposed the inefficiency of most treatment programs. Since then there have been many different methods of reforming prisoners, the most significant change is the most recent model. The idea of punishment, however, is “the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offence.” (Oxford Dictionaries | English, n.d.), and in basic terms, uses discipline to teach offenders that negative actions have negative consequences. This has dated back since society developed (before this, it was the job of the family to discipline the perpetrator). Early texts such as the Bible defined what was an offence and its appropriate punishment, which often involved being forced into slavery for many years as empires developed. For worse crimes, the penalty was death or banishment, which then evolved into short-term imprisonment followed by torture which became increasingly used in the Medieval period. To accompany this, new torture equipment, the ‘Iron Maiden’ for instance, was invented. Being hung, drawn and quartered, stretched on a rack, branded, having body parts chopped off and being shut in a box lined with sharp spikes (known as the ‘Iron Maiden’) became commonplace, as well as public executions. Around 1166, the idea of long-term incarceration was introduced and the first prisons were built, although “the prison-keeper charged for blankets, mattresses, food, and even the manacles. The prisoner had to pay for the privilege of being both booked (charged) and released” (Encyclopedia.com, 2005) and was often unsanitary and unsafe. In the 1500s, those who had committed minor crimes were sentenced to hard labour, whilst those who had committed major offences were ‘transported’, meaning they were sent on a treacherous journey to Australia. Since these times, the prison system has developed and improved, and even includes more rehabilitative measures

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