All of these balances are interrelated. For example, changes in fluid balance can affect electrolyte balance, and changes in electrolyte balance can affect acid-base balance.

The most frequent threats to acid-base balance are:

• Respiratory acidosis is caused by an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood. This can happen due to hyperventilation, pneumonia, or other respiratory problems.
• Respiratory alkalosis is caused by a decrease in the concentration of CO2 in the blood. This can happen due to shallow breathing, anxiety, or high altitude sickness.
• Metabolic acidosis is caused by an increase in the concentration of acids in the blood. This can happen due to diabetic ketoacidosis, kidney failure, or poisoning.
• Metabolic alkalosis is caused by an increase in the concentration of bases in the blood. This can happen due to vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive use of antacids.

When the pH of body fluids varies outside normal limits, the body has a number of mechanisms to try to restore balance. These mechanisms include:

• Buffering systems are chemicals that can neutralize acids or bases.
• Respiration can be increased or decreased to help remove carbon dioxide from the blood.
• Kidneys can excrete or retain acids and bases to help maintain acid-base balance.

If these mechanisms are not able to restore acid-base balance, it can lead to serious health problems, such as coma or death.

Here are some additional things to keep in mind about fluid balance, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance:

• Fluid balance is important for transporting nutrients and oxygen to the cells and removing waste products.
• Electrolyte balance is important for nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and fluid balance.
• Acid-base balance is important for the proper functioning of enzymes and proteins.
• Imbalances in any of these areas can lead to serious health problems.

If you are concerned about your fluid balance, electrolyte balance, or acid-base balance, talk to your doctor. They can help you determine if you have an imbalance and recommend treatment if necessary.