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Nutrition

Question & Answer ( 42 multiple questions )

1. Along with fruits and vegetables, _____ are important and good sources of fiber.
A. Low-fat dairy products
B. Whole grains
C. 100% fruit juices
D. Simple carbohydrates

2. True or false? When a person consumes a large amount of one particular amino acid, absorption of other amino acids that share the same transport system will be deficient.

3. Which part of the body is not a site for alcohol absorption?
A. Liver
B. Small intestine
C. Mouth
D. Stomach

4. Select each of the following nutrients that are absorbed in the large intestine.
A. Amino acids
B. Water
C. Vitamin K
D. Sodium
E. Carbohydrates

5. True or false? Some carbohydrates, such as fiber or resistant starch, remain intact (and non-digested) as they enter the large intestine

6. The human brain and developing red blood cells require a constant supply of glucose for energy. Which of the following best describes what happens if glucose stores are depleted and the diet supplies little or no carbohydrate?

A.
The body can make glucose from nonessential amino acids and the breakdown of fat.
B. The body can make glucose from body protein such as muscle.

7. Put the steps of the scientific process in the correct order sequence:

1. Test hypothesis by conducting an experiment.
2. Communicate results indicating if the hypothesis is accepted or not.
3. Make observations, ask questions, or describe phenomena.
4. Formulate a hypothesis to explain the observation, question, or phenomena.
5. Analyze data and draw conclusions.
A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B. 4, 3, 2, 1, 5
C. 3, 2, 1, 5, 4
D. 3, 4, 1, 5, 2
8. Insulin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and leptin are all examples of how protein can function as:
A. Acid-base balance
B. A polypeptide
C. An enzyme
D. A hormone

9. Which of the following are common characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome?
A. Difficulty regulating blood glucose levels
B. Problems with coordination
C. Facial abnormalities
D. Mental retardation
E. High serum cholesterol
F. Heart, eye, and genitourinary malformations

10. True or false? Salmonella occurs only in poultry and eggs.

11. Sequence the following steps for nutrient digestion.

1. Gastric secretions mix with the food material.
2. Undigested material and some liquids move to the large intestine and waste material is excreted as feces.
3. End products of digestion are absorbed through the intestinal wall and into circulation.
4. Salivary amylase breaks down food into smaller components.
5. Secretions from the gallbladder, pancreas, and intestinal lining cells digest carbohydrates, protein, and fats.
6. Salivary amylase action stops while pepsin begins to break down proteins.
A. 5, 6, 2, 1, 3, 4
B. 3, 4, 5, 2, 1, 6
C. 4, 1, 6, 5, 3, 2
D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

12. True or false? It is possible that the genetic modifications that give corps the ability to kill insects can migrate to weeds that are growing nearby.

13. True or false? The key recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines indicate that we should decrease consumption of added sugars.

14. Select each of the correct functions of water.
A. Transports nutrients to cells and tissues
B. Provides an efficient source of energy for the body
C. Serves as a shock absorber and cleaning agent
D. Carries food through the digestive tract

15. Excess fat-soluble vitamins accumulate in your _________, building up reserves that can tide you over for weeks or months.
A. Liver and fatty tissues
B. Bloodstream
C. Muscle tissue and fatty tissue
D. Liver and bloodstream

16. True or false? Blood alcohol level rises faster in women compared to men due to their body size and composition, and lower gastric enzyme activity.

In response to stimuli such as thinking about food, or hearing a description of food, which system responds by increasing heart rate and blood flow, and by decreasing cardiac output and stroke volume?
A. Heat production system
B. Salivary glands
C. Cardiovascular system
D. Gastrointestinal tract

17. If liver and muscle glycogen stores are not adequate to meet body needs, which of the following is likely to occur?
A. Your body can make glucose from lactic acid
B. Stored fat is converted to lactic acid and then used for energy
C. Your body can make glucose from body protein
D. It is not possible to survive without an adequate supply of stored glucose, so you will experience system breakdown until carbohydrates are supplies

18. True or false? A structure/function claim is an FDA authorized claims that associate a food or a substance in a food with a disease or health-related
condition.

19. A typical serving of beer, wine, or distilled spirits contains about how many grams of alcohol?
A. 15
B. 9
C. 25
D. 40

20. True or false? In nutrition research, a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence and used as a starting point for further investigation is called the observation.

23. Which of the following substances is not secreted into the digestive system?
A. Mucus
B. Bile
C. Salivary amylase
D. Insulin

24. Which Dietary Reference Intake describes the percentage of total calories that should come from each macronutrient? For example: 20% calories from fat, 65% calories from carbohydrate, and 15% calories from protein.
A. Recommended Dietary Allowance
B. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
C. Estimated Average Requirement
D. Adequate Intake

25. Which of the following are functions of triglycerides?
A. Energy source
B. Food emulsifier
C. Micronutrient carrier
D. Sensory qualities
E. Satiety value
F. Calorie reserve
G. Insulation and protection
H. Hormone functions

26. In late-stage liver disease, dietary restrictions of this nutrient may slow disease progression or improve symptoms.
A. Iron and vitamin B12
B. Carbohydrates
C. Protein
D. Sodium and potassium

27. During exercise, this type of stored carbohydrate in human muscles is broken down rapidly into single glucose molecules for energy.
A. Glucose
B. Fructose
C. Glycogen
D. Fiber

28. Compared to wine, beer generally contains a ___ percent of alcohol per serving.
A. Higher
B. Lower
C. About the same
D. It is difficult to determine

29. All types of plant foods, but not animal sources of food, contain this type of carbohydrate.
A. Fiber
B. Fructose
C. Lactose
D. Glycogen

30. Put these steps in order to correctly sequence the digestion and absorption of lipids.
1. Intestinal cells package fatty substances into chylomicrons that travel by way of the lymph system to the bloodstream.
2. In the mouth, chewing and lingual lipase begin breaking down fat.
3. Micelles ferry long-chain fatty acids and other products of lipid digestion to the intestinal villi.
4. Intestinal cells absorb glycerol and short and medium-chain fatty acids into the bloodstream.
A. 1, 2 , 3, 4
B. 3, 4, 2, 1
C. 2, 4, 3, 1
D. 4, 1, 3, 2

31. The network of veins and arteries through which blood carries nutrients is the:

A. Enteric nervous system
B. Vascular system
C. Lymphatic system
D. Central nervous system

32. Metabolic syndrome is defined as a cluster of some of the following risk factors. Select each of these risk factors.
A. Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose)
B. Hypertension (high blood pressure)
C. Excess abdominal fat
D. Low serum LDL cholesterol levels
E. Hypertriglyceridemia (high blood triglycerides)
F. Hyperkalemia (high blood calcium)
G. Low serum HDL cholesterol levels

33. True or false: Compared to low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins are made up of about the same amounts of protein, cholesterol and phospholipids.

34. Match each definition to the correct basic element of the DRIs it describes.
– A. B. C. D. The nutrient intake level estimated to meet the needs of 50% of the individuals in a life-stage and gender group.
– A. B. C. D. The maximum level of daily nutrient intake that poses little risk of adverse health effects to almost all of the individuals in a defined group.
– A. B. C. D. The nutrient intake level that is sufficient to meet the needs of 97-98% of the individuals in a life-stage and gender group.
– A. B. C. D. Based upon expert estimates of nutrient intake by a defined group of healthy people. These are used when there is insufficient scientific evidence to establish an EAR.

A. Recommended Dietary Allowance

B. Estimated Average Requirement

C. Dietary Reference Intake

D. Tolerable Upper Intake Level

35. The ___ movements of the large intestine are slow compared to that of the small intestine.
A. Digestive
B. Peristaltic
C. Lymph
D. Segmented

36. Select each situation that occurs when alcohol consumption overwhelms the liver’s capacity to metabolize the compound.
A. Loss of alcohol through the liver and lungs
B. Muscles metabolize the remaining alcohol
C. Loss of consciousness
D. Reduced supply of oxygen to the brain

37. The most apparent physical characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome is:

A. Leg length
B. Slurred speech
C. Facial abnormalities
D. Inability to focus eyes

38. Which of the following are functions of dietary fat?
A. Dissolve and transport micronutrients
B. Contribute to flavor, odor, and texture of food
C. Become stored as glycogen for use during aerobic activity
D. Carry fat-soluble substances through the digestive process, improving intestinal absorption and bioavailability

39. A study of the relationship between skipping breakfast and its link to overweight kids is an example of which type of study?

A. A cause and effect
B. A controlled case study
C. A nominal
D. An epidemiological

40. The sales of gluten-free products in the United States are rising each year due to the increased diagnosis of celiac disease and the belief that eliminating gluten from the diet will treat other conditions. This practice is best described as an example of which sensory influence or personal preference?
A. Food and diet trends
B. Religion
C. Availability
D. Economics

41. A sore on the wall of the stomach or duodenum, primarily due to the bacteria H. pylori, or to NSAID use, is:
A. Diverticular spots
B. Irritable bowel syndrome
C. Ulcers
D. Heartburn

42. Current intake recommendations for fat intake come from both the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 and the American Heart Association. From the list below, select all current fat intake recommendations.
A. The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat intake for adults is 20–35 percent of overall calories
B. Limit unsaturated fat to less than 10 percent of calories
C. Avoid all food products that contain cholesterol
D. Saturated fat should be limited to less than 300 milligrams per day
E. Keep trans fat intake as low as possible

Sample Solution

So as to stretch out the crimp case to higher spatial measurements, we will revamp it utilizing distinctive factors. On the off chance that we let Ï† = (Ï†1, Ï†2) be a two-part unit vector, where Ï† Â· Ï† = |ï†| 2 = 1. By composing Ï† = (sin Ï†, cos Ï†), the vitality from (2.1) can be revamped as E = Z âˆž âˆ’âˆž ( 1 2â Â dï† dxâ Â 2 âˆ’ H Â· Ï† + |H| ) dx (2.20) where H = (0, 1). [3] In this new definition Ï† speaks to the “heading of the nearby polarization (limited to the plane) in a ferromagnetic medium” [3] and H speaks to the steady foundation attractive field which is additionally confined to exist in an indistinguishable plane from Ï†. There is just a single point in which the frameworks ground state is equivalent to zero regarding Ï†, which is Ï† = H |H| = (0, 1). Any structure with limited vitality needs to approach this zero vitality ground state at spatial interminability, subsequently the limit conditions are Ï† â†’ (0, 1) as x â†’ Â±âˆž. As Ï† takes a similar incentive at x = âˆ’âˆž and x = +âˆž, at that point these focuses can be distinguished so the objective space, which is the genuine line R, topologically turns into a circle, S 1 of interminable sweep. In this manner we have the mapping Ï† : S 1 7â†’ S 1 between circles, in light of the fact that Ï† is a two-part vector so it likewise lies on a hover of unit range. [3] The mapping between circles has a topological charge (winding number), N, which tallies the circumstances Ï† “twists around the unit hover as x differs over the entire genuine line”. [3] The topological charge is equivalent to the condition characterized before in (2.2), yet utilizing the new factors it is given by the articulation N = 1 2ï€ Z âˆž âˆ’âˆžâ dï†1 dx Ï†2 âˆ’ dï†2 dx Ï†1â dx (2.21) If we consider a limited ferromagnetic framework in which there is the nonappearance of a foundation attractive field (H = 0); it is as yet feasible for a topological soliton to exist if there is a “simple pivot anisotropy”. [3] Magnetic anisotropy is the directional reliance of a material’s attractive property, and the “simple pivot” is a vivaciously ideal heading if unconstrained charge occurs.[7] The vitality for this framework is E = Z âˆž âˆ’âˆž ( 1 2â Â dï† dxâ Â 2 + A 1 âˆ’ (Ï† Â· k) 2â ) dx (2.22) where A > 0 is the anisotropy consistent and k is the unit vector which indicates the simple hub. [3] For this kind of framework there are two zero vitality ground states, Ï† = Â±k. The crimp in this framework, additionally called an area divider, adds between the two zero vitality ground states and has limit conditions Ï† â†’ k as x â†’ âˆ’âˆž and Ï† â†’ âˆ’k 15 as x â†’ +âˆž. Consequently the space divider does not have a full bit of a crimp and just has a half-bend. It is conceivable to outline framework to our unique crimp case by a difference in factors. In the event that we set k = (0, 1) for accommodation, and pick A = 1 2 . Setting Ï† = sin Ï† 2â , cos Ï† 2 , then the vitality condition progresses toward becoming E = 1 4 Z âˆž âˆ’âˆžâ 1 2 Ï† 02 + 1 âˆ’ cos Ï†â dx (2.23) which is equivalent to the vitality condition (2.1) however with a standardization factor of 1 4 . The area divider limits are Ï† â†’ (0, Â±1) as x âˆ” âˆž are precisely the wrinkle limit conditions Ï† (âˆ’âˆž) = 0 and Ï† (âˆž) = 2ï€. [1] This part will center around topological solitons in (2+1) spatial measurements. It is inaccurate to utilize the term soliton for these arrangements because of their absence of solidness, rather they are regularly alluded to as bumps. The answers for these knots are “given unequivocally by balanced maps between Riemann circles”. [1] For this part we will take a gander at one of the most straightforward Lorentz invariant sigma models in (2+1) spatial measurements which renders static topological soliton arrangements; the O(3) sigma show in the plane. [1] “A sigma show is a nonlinear scalar field hypothesis, where the field takes esteems in an objective space which is a bended Riemannian complex, for the most part with substantial symmetry”. [1] For the O(3) sigma show the objective space is the unit 2-circle, S 2 . This model uses three genuine scalar fields, Î¦ = (Ï†1, Ï†2, Ï†3), which are elements of the space-time organizes (t, x, y) in (2+1) spatial measurements. [2] The O(3) show is characterized by the Lagrangian thickness L = 1 4 (âˆ‚âµî¦) Â· (âˆ‚ Âµî¦) with the limitation Î¦ Â· Î¦ = 1. For this condition the files speak to the space-time organizes and take the qualities 0, 1, 2, and âˆ‚âµ is fractional separation regarding Xâµ . [2] From (3.1), the Euler-Lagrange condition can be determined, which is âˆ‚âµâˆ‚ Âµî¦ + (âˆ‚âµî¦ Â· âˆ‚ Âµî¦) Î¦ = 0 (3.2) Due to the spot item in âˆ‚âµî¦ Â· âˆ‚ Âµî¦, this demonstrates the “Euclidean metric of R 3 is being utilized, and this turns into the standard metric on the objective space S 2 when the limitation Î¦ Â· Î¦ = 1 is being forced”. [1] For the sigma display we are investigating, the O(3) speaks to the worldwide symmetry in the objective space relating to the revolutions: Î¦ 7â†’ Mî¦ Where M âˆˆ O(3) is a steady framework. [1] The “sigma” in the models name speaks to the fields (Ï†1, Ï†2, Ïƒ), where Ï†1 and Ï†2 are “locally unconstrained” [1] and Ïƒ = p 1 âˆ’ Ï† 2 1 âˆ’ Ï† 2 is subject to Ï†1 and Ï†2. The vitality for the O(3) sigma demonstrate is E = 1 4 Z âˆ‚iî¦ Â· âˆ‚iî¦d 2x (3.3) where I = 1, 2 keeps running over the spatial records. All together for the vitality to be limited, Î¦ needs to watch out for a steady vector at spatial endlessness, so without loss of all inclusive statement we can define the limit condition Î¦ â†’ (0, 0, 1) as x 2 + y 2 â†’ âˆž. Topologically we have R 2 âˆª {âˆž}, which is translated as a circle S 2 by means of the stereographic projection. (The circle itself has limited sweep.) Therefore we are thinking about mapping between circles Î¦ : S 2 7â†’ S 2 . Much the same as in our wrinkle case, mapping between circles implies there exists a topological charge, which can be discovered utilizing N = 1 4ï€ Z Î¦ Â· (âˆ‚1î¦ Ã-âˆ‚2î¦) d 2x (3.4) The topological charge speaks to the quantity of irregularities in the field setup [1], since for the most part there are N all around isolated, confined regions where the vitality thickness is concentrated and every zone has one unit of charge. Nonetheless, as the protuberances approach each different this is not true anymore. With a specific end goal to apply Derrick’s hypothesis to the vitality (3.3), we would need to consider the scaling x 7â†’ x Î» = X and y 7â†’ y Î» = Y which would give E (Î») = E. The vitality is free of Î», along these lines any estimation of Î» is a stationary point since the vitality does not change from spatial rescaling. On the off chance that we incorporate the imbalance (âˆ‚iî¦ Â± Îµijî¦ Ã-âˆ‚jî¦) Â· (âˆ‚iî¦ Â± Îµikî¦ Ã-âˆ‚kî¦) â‰¥ 0 (3.5) over the plane and utilize the conditions (3.3) and (3.4) for the vitality thickness and the topological charge separately [1], at that point we get the Bogomolny bound E â‰¥ 2ï€ |N| (3.6) This Bogomolny bound is the lower bound of the vitality “as far as bumps”. [1] If the field is an answer for one of the primary request Bogomolny conditions âˆ‚iî¦ Â± Îµijî¦ Ã-âˆ‚jî¦ = 0 (3.7) at that point the vitality is equivalent to the Bogomolny bound. Keeping in mind the end goal to investigate the Bogomolny conditions it is best to roll out the accompanying improvements of factors. For the main change in factor let X = (X1, X2, X3) mean the Cartesian arranges in R 3 and take X = Î¦ to be a point on the unit circle, (X2 1 , X2 2 , X2 3 ) = 1. Give L a chance to be the line experiencing X = (0, 0, âˆ’1) and Î¦ and set W = X1 + iX2 to be the mind boggling direction of the point where L crosses the plane at X3 = 0. We at that point get W = (Ï†1 + iï†2) (1 + Ï†3) (3.8) where Ï†1 =â W + W 1 + |W| 2â , Ï†2 = iâ W âˆ’ W 1 + |W| 2â , Ï†3 = 1 âˆ’ |W| 2 1 + |W| 2 ! (3.9) As Î¦ watches out for the point (0, 0, âˆ’1) at that point L just meets X3 = 0 at âˆž, in this way the point (0, 0, âˆ’1) maps to the point W = âˆž. This strategy for allotting each point on the circle to a point in C âˆª {âˆž} is called stereographic projection as found in Figure 3.1.[3] The following change in factor originates from utilizing an unpredictable arrange in the (x, y) plane by letting z = x + iy. Utilizing this arrangement it is conceivable to revamp the Lagrangian thickness, from (3.1) L = 1 4 (âˆ‚âµï†1) 2 + (âˆ‚âµï†2) 2 + (âˆ‚âµï†3) 2â . Right off the bat we have to incompletely separate Ï†1, Ï†2, Ï†3, giving âˆ‚âµï†1 = âˆ‚ÂµW + âˆ‚ÂµW 1 + |W| 2 âˆ’ (âˆ‚ÂµW) W + W âˆ‚ÂµWÂ 1 + |W| 2 W + Wâ (3.10) âˆ‚âµï†2 = I ” âˆ‚ÂµW âˆ’ âˆ‚ÂµW 1 + |W| 2 âˆ’ (âˆ‚ÂµW) W + W âˆ‚ÂµWÂ 1 + |W| 2 W âˆ’ W At long last, from rearranging (3.37) we get the condition for the topological charge in the new detailing to be N = 1 4ï€ Z 4 1 + |W| 2 âˆ‚zW âˆ’ âˆ‚zW âˆ‚zWÂ d 2x = 1 Ï€ Z |âˆ‚zW| 2 âˆ’ |âˆ‚zW| 2â 1 + |W| 2 d 2x (3.38) In this definition it is obvious to see E â‰¥ 2ï€ |N|, with uniformity if and just if Bogomolny condition is fulfilled âˆ‚W âˆ‚z = 0 (3.39) This condition demonstrates that W is a holomorphic capacity of z as it were. [4] Due to the “necessity that the aggregate vitality is limited, together with the limit condition” [4] W â†’ 0 as |z| â†’ âˆž, this implies N is limited. [3] The most straightforward answer for the Bogomolny condition would be W = Î» z , where Î» is a genuine and positive steady. Applying this to the condition (3.9) yields the answer for the N = 1 arrangement Î¦ =â 2 Î» 2 + x 2 + y 2 , âˆ’2 Î» 2 + x 2 + y 2 , x 2 + y 2 âˆ’ Î» 2 Î» 2 + x 2 + y 2 (3.40) If we change the negative sign in the second compo>

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