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Technology

There are ethical and reliability concerns about artificial intelligence (AI) making law enforcement, homeland security, private security, and corrections operational decisions. This is explained in a January 2021 research publication by the Rand Corporation, created by Douglas Yeung, Inez Khan, Nidhi Kalra, and Osonde A. Osoba.

AI is increasingly relied upon by American local law enforcement, as documented in a Wall Street Journal presentation on July 3, 2019. This documentation focuses on the New Orleans, LA, police department, which uses many cameras set up on street corners and places where humans are found. Because of this, AI analyzes the tremendous amount of information and makes decisions (not humans) regarding what needs to be addressed by police.

In this New Orleans presentation, private citizens call this AI surveillance as “surveillance on steroids!” Private citizens also ask in this presentation who makes sure that AI performs as intended. Also, can the police be trusted to police themselves regarding what is quickly becoming “technology automated” (machines making the decisions) and not human law enforcement authorities?

You are part of a task force to research the use of forensic data and technology that relies upon artificial intelligence (AI). Your manager has asked for an analysis report on potential current uses of AI in criminal investigations.

Read the article from the University Library.

Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word analysis report responding to the following:

-Analyze the use of forensic technology within the context of artificial intelligence.
-Provide a stance on the two arguments presented in the article about “AI is as likely to contribute to racism in the law as it is a means to end it.”
-Explain why you would or would not agree about “Public Fears and the Reality of Concerns Related to AI.”
-Provide an example of the use of AI in a criminal investigation case and evaluate its use to solve it.
-Explain the methods you would use to solve the case.
-Assess the ethical implications of using technology such as AI in criminal investigations.
-Assess the reliability of using AI technology to solve the case.

Sample Solution

The Bank of Ghana Ordinance (No. 34) of 1957 established the central bank to primarily issue currency, administer monetary policies and be the fiscal agent and banker of the government (BoG, 2011; Gakpleazi, 2011). According to Mawutor (2014) and Osakunou (2009), Bank of Ghana Act 1963 (Act 182) was enacted to make provision for the lacuna in regulatory and supervisory role of the central bank which was not addressed by the Bank of Ghana Ordinance (No. 34) of 1957. The Act 182 was amended by the Bank of Ghana (Amendment) Act 1965 (Act 282). The first banking law, Act 339 was decreed in 1970 to amongst other provisions set the minimum capital and reserve requirements, institute the Chief Examiner of Banks and delineate allowable activities (Mensah, 2009). The economy experienced difficulties that upset the banking system around 1983. Most banks were undercapitalised from rising inflation, increasing “crowding out” , inadequate banking supervision, non-existent foreign exchange reserves and rising non-performing loans (Antwi-Asare & Addison, 2000; Doe, 2012). With technical assistance from the International Monetary Fund, Ghana instituted two phases of an Economic Recovery Programme from 1984-1989 to restructure, develop and stabilise the economy. A more comprehensive Financial Sector Adjustment Programme (FINSAP) was initiated from 1988-2003 with assistance from the World Bank and governments of Japan and Switzerland. FINSAP comprised of restructuring institutions, improving the legal and regulatory context for banking operations and relaxing interest rates (Quartey & Afful-Mensah, 2014; Sowa, 2002). As a sequel, Adjei-Frimpong (2013) documented the enactment of the second banking law, PNDC Law 255 in 1989 which paved the way for licensing several banks. The banking law stipulated prerequisites for minimum capital, capital adequacy, prudential lending and financial reporting. Subsequently, Bank of Ghana Law 1992 (PNDCL 291) was passed to annul the provisions of ACTs 182 and 282 and confer added supervisory authority on the central bank. Nonetheless, the economic challenges heightened around the 2000s and called for more stringent reforms and legislation to address the loopholes. Bank of Ghana Act 2002 (Act 612) was promulgated to further assert the independence of the central bank from governmental influence, maintain price stability and promote economic policies to enhance growth of the banking system>

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